Didymella pinodes Affects N and P Uptakes and Their Efficiencies in a Tripartite Mutualism of Pea

Abstract

In pea (Pisum sativum L.) production, Didymella pinodes (Berk. & A. Bloxam) Petr. is the most damaging aerial pathogen globally. In two completely randomized pot experiments with four replicates, we studied the effects of D. pinodes infection interaction with three symbiotic treatments (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and co-inoculation of both) and a non-symbiotic control on one or two pea cultivars. Grain yield and yield components of pea, uptakes and physiological efficiencies of N and P and nitrogen fixation were recorded. The results show that there were significant interaction effects among treatments. Therefore, productivity of crops and their uptakes and efficiencies of N and P are dependent on plant health conditions, effectiveness of microbial symbionts and response of pea genotypes. For cv. Protecta inoculated with both symbionts, pathogen infection compared to healthy plants significantly enhanced P acquisition. Overall, plants inoculated with rhizobia alone had higher grain yield by 20-30% and nitrogen fixation by 20-25% than in dual symbiosis independent of plant health conditions. In conclusion, aerial pathogen, pea genotypes and microbial symbionts interactions modified N and P uptake and their efficiencies, which can lead to improving final grain yield quantity and quality in a sustainable farming system.

Molecular Mechanisms of Paralysis in Snakebite Envenomation: A Multifaceted Landscape

“…Antivenom molecules are administered, and upon binding with circulating toxins, venom-antivenom complexes are formed, which trap venom molecules within the circulation [25]. Antibodies in antivenom may function by inhibiting neurotoxins' active sites, preventing their interaction with target sites (neuromuscular junction) by limiting their travel to extravascular target sites, and improving the removal of toxins from the body [26,27]. Furthermore, antivenom molecules may be able to go from the circulation to neuromuscular junctions, where they could neutralize neurotoxins at their specific locations.…”

Temporal Control of Seed Development in Dicots: Molecular Bases, Ecological Impact and Possible Evolutionary Ramifications

“…The positive relationships between phosphorus uptake and seed dry mass have been shown in G. max [223], suggesting that the increased phosphorus influx may prolong seed filling. Speaking of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the association with Rhizobia was demonstrated to promote seed biomass [224] and viability [225,226] in several legume species, albeit the effect was not retained under drought and temperature stresses [34,227].…”