Die Abhängigkeit der Harnenergie vom Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt im Harn bei Rindern, Schafen, Schweinen und Ratten

Hoffmann, L.; Klein, Martin J.

doi:10.1080/17450398009425086

Cited by 70 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Calculations and statistical analysis Urinary energy was calculated from C and N concentrations (Hoffmann and Klein, 1980). Gaseous exchange data were used to calculate methane energy loss and energy expenditure (heat production) by the equations of Brouwer (1965), but corrected for the carbon dioxide emitted from Tiemann, Lascano, Wettstein, Mayer, Kreuzer and Hess fermentation Chwalibog et al (1996).…”

Section: Experimental Foragesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs

Tiemann

Lascano

Wettstein

et al. 2008

Animal

133

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The objective of this study was to test whether the use of tannin-rich shrub legume forage is advantageous for methane mitigation and metabolic protein supply at unchanged energy supply when supplemented in combination with tannin-free legumes to sheep. In a 6 3 6 Latin-square design, foliage of two tannin-rich shrub legume species (Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla) were used to replace either 1/3 or 2/3, respectively, of a herbaceous high-quality legume (Vigna unguiculata) in a diet composed of the tropical grass Brachiaria brizantha and Vigna in a ratio of 0.55 : 0.45. A Brachiaria-only diet served as the negative control. Each experimental period lasted for 28 days, with week 3 serving for balance measurement and data collection inclusive of a 2-day stay of the sheep in open-circuit respiration chambers for measurement of gaseous exchange. While Vigna supplementation improved protein and energy utilisation, the response to the partial replacement with tannin-rich legumes was less clear. The apparent total tract digestibilities of organic matter, NDF and ADF were reduced when the tannin-rich plants partially replaced Vigna, and the dose-response relationships were mainly linear. The tannin-rich plants caused the expected redistribution of more faecal N in relation to urinary N. While Flemingia addition still led to a net body N retention, even when fed at the higher proportion, adding higher amounts of Calliandra resulted in body protein mobilisation in the growing lambs. With respect to energy, supplementation of Vigna alone improved utilisation, while this effect was absent when a tannin-rich plant was added. The inclusion of the tannin-rich plants reduced methane emission per day and per unit of feed and energy intake by up to 24% relative to the Vigna-only-supplemented diet, but this seems to have been mostly the result of a reduced organic matter and fibre digestion. In conclusion, Calliandra seems less apt as protein supplement for ruminants while Flemingia could partially replace a high-quality legume in tropical livestock systems. However, methane mitigation would be small due to associated reductions in N and energy retention.

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Section: Experimental Foragesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs

Tiemann

Lascano

Wettstein

et al. 2008

Animal

133

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“…(1) methane energy (kJ) ¼ methane (l) £ 39·57 (Brouwer, 1965); (Hoffmann and Klein, 1980); Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 1993).…”

Section: Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of fresh and ensiled white and red clover added to ryegrass on energy and protein utilization of lactating cows

et al. 2006

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Two respiratory chamber experiments were conducted with dairy cows to compare metabolizable energy and protein utilization when feeding white or red clover with ryegrass. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed with fresh white (WF) or red clover (RF) (60/40, on dry matter (DM) basis). Experiment 2 involved similar mixed diets in ensiled form (WS and RS, respectively), and two ryegrass silage diets, without (GS) or with supplementary maize gluten (GS þ ). Barley was supplemented according to requirements for milk production. Voluntary forage DM intake remained unaffected in experiment 1 and was higher ( P , 0·01) in experiment 2 for WS than for GS and GS þ (128 v. 98 and 106 g/kg M 0·75 ). Within experiments, no treatment effects occurred for apparent nutrient digestibilities, milk yield, and composition. Protein utilization (milk-N/N-intake) was numerically lower on all clover-based diets (0·24 to 0·25) versus GS (0·29). With added maize gluten (GS þ ), protein utilization decreased to 0·23, indicating that ryegrass silage (plus barley) alone provided sufficient metabolizable protein. Consequently, higher ( P , 0·01) urinary energy losses occurred in GS þ compared with GS, despite similar metabolizable energy intakes, and a trend for the highest plasma urea levels was found for GS þ cows (7·59 mmol/l; P , 0·1). Overall, this study illustrates that the white and red clovers investigated were equivalent in energy and protein supply, also in comparison to the ryegrass. It remains open whether these forage legumes, when supplemented to a moderate-protein ryegrass, would have contributed to metabolizable protein supply or would have merely increased metabolic nitrogen load.

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“…Gross energy content of feed and lyophilised faeces was assessed through an anisothermic calorimeter (C 700 T System, IKA-Analysentechnik GmbH, Heitersheim, Germany). Urine energy was calculated according to the equation of Hoffmann and Klein [14] based on the contents of carbon and nitrogen in urine.…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of coconut oil and defaunation treatment on methanogenesis in sheep

Machmüller¹,

Soliva²,

Kreuzer³

2003

Reprod. Nutr. Dev.

108

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-The present study was conducted to evaluate in vivo the role of rumen ciliate protozoa with respect to the methane-suppressing effect of coconut oil. Three sheep were subjected to a 2 × 2 factorial design comprising two types of dietary lipids (50 g·kg -1 coconut oil vs. 50 g·kg -1 rumenprotected fat) and defaunation treatment (with vs. without). Due to the defaunation treatment, which reduced the rumen ciliate protozoa population by 94% on average, total tract fibre degradation was reduced but not the methane production. Feeding coconut oil significantly reduced daily methane release without negatively affecting the total tract nutrient digestion. Compared with the rumen-protected fat diet, coconut oil did not alter the energy retention of the animals. There was no interaction between coconut oil feeding and defaunation treatment in methane production. An interaction occurred in the concentration of methanogens in the rumen fluid, with the significantly highest values occurring when the animals received the coconut oil diet and were subjected to the defaunation treatment. Possible explanations for the apparent inconsistency between the amount of methane produced and the concentration of methane-producing microbes are discussed. Generally, the present data illustrate that a depression of the concentration of ciliate protozoa or methanogens in rumen fluid cannot be used as a reliable indicator for the success of a strategy to mitigate methane emission in vivo. The methane-suppressing effect of coconut oil seems to be mediated through a changed metabolic activity and/or composition of the rumen methanogenic population.lipid / nonyl phenol ethoxylate / Archaea / ciliate protozoa / ruminant

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Die Abhängigkeit der Harnenergie vom Kohlenstoff- und Stickstoffgehalt im Harn bei Rindern, Schafen, Schweinen und Ratten

Cited by 70 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs

Effect of the tropical tannin-rich shrub legumes Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla on methane emission and nitrogen and energy balance in growing lambs

Comparison of fresh and ensiled white and red clover added to ryegrass on energy and protein utilization of lactating cows

Effect of coconut oil and defaunation treatment on methanogenesis in sheep

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