“…In the last decades, the study of instructional quality predictors used qualifications and the number of courses taken by the teacher as proxy measures (Boyd et al, 2009, Darling-Hammond, 2000, König et al, 2021. However, the study about instructional quality predictors has recently shifted to teacher competence (König et al, 2021, König and Pflanzl, 2016, Lenske et al, 2016, Voss et al, 2014. Some scholars see competence as knowledge, skills, characteristics, motivation, and attitudes to act effectively and efficiently in specific situations and conditions (Zhu et al, 2013, Koster et al, 2005.…”