Die Bedeutung des TNF-α-Systems für Erkrankungen des Gehirns

Himmerich, Hubertus; Berthold-Losleben, Mark; Pollmächer, T.

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1109420

Cited by 40 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…IFN-ã stimulates the enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) that reduces the production of 5-HT in the brain [17]. A polymorphism of the IL-6 gene is associated with reduced risk of depression with interferon therapy [14], although Hong et al suggested that the investigated IL-6 polymorphism does not affect major depressive disorder (MDD) susceptibility [18].…”

Section: Depression and Alterations In The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) against atherosclerosis

et al. 2011

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SummarySelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drug widely used for treatment of mood disorders, including depression and cardiovascular disease. A search for related articles in the PubMed database was attempted. It covered studies, reports, reviews and editorials of the last 5 years.Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, stimulate central serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission and are over-expressed in depression, which has been linked with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity. They have also been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of other stress-induced disorders, like myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary heart disease (CHD), as they seem to modulate cardiovascular function by a variety of mechanisms. Biological mechanisms like these may explain the link between depression and CHD. There are a variety of environmental factors as well as genetic factors that might influence the pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs. New generation selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) causing a reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality may be related to serotonin platelet abnormalities in depressed patients that are effectively treated by SSRIs. SSRIs such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and citalopram are not only considered to be free from the cardiotoxicity of their predecessors but also to function as safe and efficacious agents against depression, platelet activation, atherosclerosis and development and prognosis of coronary heart disease. However, there is a need for more studies in order to establish the exact biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for these diseases and the immunoregulatory effects of chronic use of SSRI medications.

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Section: Depression and Alterations In The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depression has been linked with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) hyperactivity [17]. Depressed patients show elevated corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blunting of ACTH response to CRF, hypercortisolemia, and pituitary and adrenal gland enlargement [5,14].…”

Section: Depression and Alterations In The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) against atherosclerosis

et al. 2011

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“…Cytokines mediate the most important signalling pathway from the immune system to the brain and back (Capuron and Miller 2011). On a molecular level, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-6 or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a can influence neurotransmitter metabolism (Seidel et al 1995), for example the metabolism of the monoamines dopamine, noradrenalin and serotonin (Capuron and Miller 2011;Himmerich et al 2009;Berthold-Losleben and Himmerich 2008). Immune activation with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-c, leads to the production and activation of indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) (Brandacher et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of lithium alone and in combination with antidepressants on cytokine production in vitro

et al. 2014

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Lithium is an important psychopharmacological agent for the treatment of unipolar as well as bipolar affective disorders. Lithium has a number of side effects such as hypothyroidism and aggravation of psoriasis. On the other hand, lithium has pro-inflammatory effects, which appear beneficial in some disorders associated with immunological deficits, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Therefore, immunological characteristics of lithium may be an important consideration in individualized therapeutic decisions. We measured the levels of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-22, IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the stimulated blood of thirty healthy subjects supplemented with lithium alone, the antidepressants citalopram, escitalopram or mirtazapine alone, the combination of each antidepressant with lithium, and a no drug control. These drugs were tested under three blood stimulant conditions: murine anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 and the 5C3 monoclonal antibody (OKT3/5C3), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and unstimulated blood. Lithium, alone and in combination with any of the tested antidepressants, led to a consistent increase of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the unstimulated as well as the stimulated blood. In the OKT3/5C3- and PHA-stimulated blood, IL-17 production was significantly enhanced by lithium. Lithium additionally increased IL-2 concentrations significantly in PHA-stimulated blood. The data support the view that lithium has pro-inflammatory properties. These immunological characteristics may contribute to side effects of lithium, but may also explain its beneficial effects in patients suffering from HIV infection or SLE.

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“…Particularly important are cytokine-induced changes in metabolism of the monoamines dopamine, noradrenalin and serotonin, in midbrain nuclei with widespread projections [7,8,9]. For example, IL-1β and TNF-α stimulate the gene expression of serotonin reuptake transporters [10] and IL-1β and IFN-γ stimulate enzymes such as indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Antidepressants on Cytokine Production of Depressed Patients in Vitro

Munzer

Sack

Mergl

et al. 2013

Toxins

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The interplay between immune and nervous systems plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. In depressive episodes, patients show increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. There is limited information on the effect of antidepressant drugs on cytokines, most studies report on a limited sample of cytokines and none have reported effects on IL-22. We systematically investigated the effect of three antidepressant drugs, citalopram, escitalopram and mirtazapine, on secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α in a whole blood assay in vitro, using murine anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3, and 5C3 monoclonal antibody against CD40, to stimulate T and B cells respectively. Citalopram increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-22. Mirtazapine increased IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-22. Escitalopram decreased IL-17 levels. The influence of antidepressants on IL-2 and IL-4 levels was not significant for all three drugs. Compared to escitalopram, citalopram led to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22; and mirtazapine to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α. Mirtazapine and citalopram increased IL-22 production. The differing profile of cytokine production may relate to differences in therapeutic effects, risk of relapse and side effects.

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Die Bedeutung des TNF-α-Systems für Erkrankungen des Gehirns

Cited by 40 publications

References 89 publications

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) against atherosclerosis

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (SSRIs) against atherosclerosis

Impact of lithium alone and in combination with antidepressants on cytokine production in vitro

Impact of Antidepressants on Cytokine Production of Depressed Patients in Vitro

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