“… 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 The secondary causes, which can ultimately affect all sections of the draining lacrimal duct, include infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, traumatic and mechanical blockage and are summarized under the term “secondary acquired nasolacrimal drainage obstruction” (SANDO). 6 , 7 At Humanitas Research Hospital, Eye center, the diagnosis lies essentially in the ophthalmological examination, including the lacrimal duct probing with the Bowman probe and, if necessary, lacrimal duct flushing. The probe serves to distinguish a so-called soft or hard stop.…”