Die nicht‐wässrige Sol‐Gel‐Synthese – eine Alternative für die Herstellung hochqualitativer Metalloxid‐ Nanopartikel

Abstract

Schlagwörter: Metalloxide, Nanopartikel, Partikelwachstum.Eingegangen: 23.

Development of Efficient and Stable Inverted Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Solar Cells Using Different Metal Oxide Interfaces

“…Interestingly, independent of whether surfactants are used or not, only five distinct condensation reaction mechanisms partly explain the formation of the metal–oxygen–metal (M–O–M) bond. These condensation steps are: (1) alkyl halide elimination; (2) ether elimination; (3) ester and amide elimination; (4) C–C coupling of benzylic alcohols and alkoxide molecules; and (5) aldol/ketimine condensation [57,61]. …”

“…For the reaction between TiCl 4 and benzyl alcohol, two possible reaction mechanisms were outlined by Grote et al . [61]. The first one presents alkyl halide elimination and the second one, ether elimination (Scheme 5) [61].…”

“…A great number of synthesis methods were tested over the last several years [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64], which all allow access to MeO x nanomaterials with uniform crystal structure, form and varied composition. The liquid phase synthesis methods are more versatile with regards to controlling the structural and morphological properties of the products, compared to, for example, the gas phase processes [39].…”

“…The liquid phase synthesis methods are more versatile with regards to controlling the structural and morphological properties of the products, compared to, for example, the gas phase processes [39]. Potential pathways in liquid phase syntheses include a precipitation reaction, an aqueous or non-hydrolytic sol-gel process [38,41,56,57,61] and hydrothermal [49,59] or solvothermal methods [53,58]. The synthesis of the desired metal oxide nanoparticles requires, in some cases, a combination of these techniques.…”

“…A focus is placed on the classical sol-gel methods (precipitation reactions) [34,35,37,38,40,41,43,44,45,52,64] and the so-called non-hydrolytic sol-gel methods [49,53,56,57,61] at moderate temperatures without surfactants. In the second part of this review, we will discuss the application of the corresponding MeO x as interface layers in the inverted BHJ organic solar cells.…”