“…In scientific literature on private standards, the producer's perspective so far seems to represent largely a blind spot (Arnold, 2019) in general and concerning animal welfare in particular (Lundmark et al, 2018). There are several studies, which describe the effects of private standards on the marginalization of certain groups of farmers, but mainly for the developing world and predominantly in economic terms, focusing on the costs of compliance (Reardon et al, 2009), on their economic livelihood (Hansen and Trifcovic, 2014) or on organizational consequences (Arnold, 2019). However, little is known about the impact of private standards on farming structure, land use, and changes of the cultural landscape, especially in the Global North.…”