Die ?Wirtskreiserweiterung? bei parasitischen Nematoden und die sie bedingenden biologisch-�kologischen Faktoren

The Biology of Avian Parasites: Helminths

“…In addition to intermediate host and final or definitive host, the term paratenic host (= reservoir host; transport host; secondary intermediate host; hote d'attente; Stapelwirt; Transportwirt; reservuarnyi khoziain) refers to animals that fundamentally take the place of an intermediate host but that are not usually required for completion of the cycle (see later). This phenomenon appears to be identical to that designated under the term Wirtskreiserweiterung by Osche (1957). Two terms proposed by Chabaud (1965) refer to the adaptation of nematodes to hosts.…”

“…During this period also, increasing effort has been directed toward more precise definition of the relationships of helminths and their hosts, such as coevolution and Wirtskreiserweiterung (sensu Osche, 1957), host specificity, localization of helminths, intra-or interspecific competition among helminths, and dynamics of populations of the organisms making up specific assemblages. During this period also, increasing effort has been directed toward more precise definition of the relationships of helminths and their hosts, such as coevolution and Wirtskreiserweiterung (sensu Osche, 1957), host specificity, localization of helminths, intra-or interspecific competition among helminths, and dynamics of populations of the organisms making up specific assemblages.…”

“…For reasons defined by Chabaud (1957), it is difficult to assess specificity in nematodes, and Chabaud considered that it is not a phylogenetic specificity, such as that in cestodes, but rather it is "une specijicite par affinite de metabolisme [p. Specificity in nematodes has been discussed in detail by Osche (1957), Chabaud (1957Chabaud ( , 1965, and Inglis (1971). Nematodes may be specific for birds of a restricted taxonomic group, or they may be nonspecific.…”

“…Two species, P. angusticolle (Molin, 1860) and P. depressum (Zeder, 1800), are common nematodes in falconiform and strigiform birds, respectively (cf. The first intermediate host (invertebrate) of these nematodes apparently has been eliminated through a process of Wirtskreiserweiterung, involving the intercalation of insectivorous mammals in the cycle (for a detailed discussion see Osche, 1957). Infective larvae are found encysted subcutaneously or in the body cavity of shrews, Sorex spp., and other insectivores, on which such birds prey.…”

Aelurostrongylus pottoi, n. sp., Métastrongylide parasite de Primates. Remarques sur les affinités entre les Nématodes de Carnivores, d’insectivores et de Lémuriens

“…L'une, étudiée parQuentin (1965), appartient au genre Molineus, qui, en-dehors de quelques phénomènes de capture chez les Rongeurs, est un genre caractéristique de Carnivores, se retrouvant chez les Insectivores archaïques (Tenrecidae de Madagascar et des Antilles) et chez les Primates primitifs (Lémuriens et Platyrhiniens). L'autre, étudiée ci-dessus, appartient au genre Aelurostrongylus, qui a exactement le même spec tre d'hôtes : Carnivores variés, Limnogale (Tenrecidae malgache) et Perodicticus (Lému rien).Cette affinité étroite entre les Nématodes de Carnivores et d'insectivores, affinité qui s'étend parfois aux Nématodes de Primates, a déjà attiré l'attention de plusieurs auteurs, car les paléontologistes admettent que les ancêtres des Carnivores (Proto-creodonta) sont particulièrement éloignés des ancêtres Insectivores-Primates (Proto-insectivora) Osche (1957),. tous les Nématodes hétéroxènes connus chez les Insectivores sont des parasites allochtones, provenant tantôt d'Oiseaux Rapaces, tantôt de Carnivo res.…”