Diel variation in the vertical distribution of deep-water scattering layers in the Gulf of Mexico

D’Elia, Marta; Warren, Joseph D.; Rodriguez-Pinto, Ivan; Sutton, Tracey; Cook, April; Boswell, Kevin M.

doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.05.014

Cited by 39 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Here, the 18 and 38 kHz samples were averaged over 5 × 5 m using Echoview's "resample" algorithm. We selected the size of the cells based on previous studies on mesopelagic SSL (e.g., 5 × 5 m;D'Elia et al, 2016) and pelagic organisms in the Arctic (e.g., 5 m × 5 pings; De Robertis et al, 2010).…”

Section: Hydroacousticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships

et al. 2019

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Section: Hydroacousticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships

et al. 2019

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“…Fragmented reports of somewhat similar structures are available from early Arctic ice drift studies (Hunkins, 1965;Kutschale, 1969;Hansen and Dunbar, 1971), although it is doubtful that they can be described as true DSLs, as they were mainly observed in the epipelagial domain. The occurrence of DSLs is important because the organisms occurring in the layers (e.g., fish, krill, shrimps), play a key role in carbon sequestration (Davison et al, 2013;Jónasdóttir et al, 2015) and are an important biomass resource for higher trophic level species (D'Elia et al, 2016). In addition, many of the organisms in the DSL undergo substantial diel vertical and ontogenetic migrations to and from the surface waters (Orlowski, 1990;Fennell and Rose, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Latitude Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Scattering Layers—A Reference for Future Arctic Ecosystem Change

et al. 2017

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Scattering structures, including deep (>200 m) scattering layers are common in most oceans, but have not previously been properly documented in the Arctic Ocean. In this work, we combine acoustic data for distribution and abundance estimation of zooplankton and fish with biological sampling from the region west and north of Svalbard, to examine high latitude meso-and epipelagic scattering layers and their biological constituents. Our results show that typically, there was strong patchy scattering in the upper part of the epipelagic zone (<50 m) throughout the area. It was mainly dominated by copepods, krill, and amphipods in addition to 0-group fish that were particularly abundant west of the Spitsbergen Archipelago. Off-shelf there was a distinct deep scattering layer (DSL) between 250 and 600 m containing a range of larger longer lived organisms (mesopelagic fish and macrozooplankton). In eastern Fram Strait, the DSL also included and was in fact dominated by larger fish close to the shelf/slope break that were associated with Warm Atlantic Water moving north toward the Arctic Ocean, but switched to dominance by species having weaker scattering signatures further offshore. The Weighted Mean Depths of the DSL were deeper (WMD > 440 m) in the Arctic habitat north of Svalbard compared to those south in the Fram Strait west of Svalbard (WMD ∼400 m). The surface integrated backscatter [Nautical Area-Scattering Coefficient, NASC, s A (m 2 nmi −2 )] was considerably lower in the waters around Svalbard compared to the more southern regions (62-69 • N). Also, the integrated DSL nautical area scattering coefficient was a factor of ∼6-10 lower around Svalbard compared to the areas in the south-eastern part of the Norwegian Sea ∼62 • 30 ′ N. The documented patterns and structures, particularly the DSL and its constituents, will be key reference points for understanding and quantifying future changes in the pelagic ecosystem at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean.

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“…DVM OC fluxes between surface and the lower mesopelagic zone are more rarely estimated. This is despite the presence of migrating species deeper down in the mesopelagic zone (Sutton, 2013;D'Elia et al, 2016).…”

Section: The Active Migration Fluxmentioning

confidence: 95%

Pathways of Organic Carbon Downward Transport by the Oceanic Biological Carbon Pump

Moigne

2019

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The oceanic biological carbon pump (BCP) regulates the Earth carbon cycle by transporting part of the photosynthetically fixed CO 2 into the deep ocean. Suppressing this mechanism would result in an important increase of atmospheric CO 2 level. The BCP occurs mainly in the form of (1) organic carbon (OC) particles sinking out the surface ocean, of (2) neutrally buoyant OC (dissolved or particulate) entrained by downward water masses movements and/or mixing, and of (3) active transport of OC by migrating animals such as zooplankton and fishes. These various pools of OC differ in size since their sinking, production and decomposition rates vary spatially and temporally. Moreover, the OC transported to depths via these various export pathways as well as their decomposition pathways all have different ecological origins and therefore may response differently to climate changes. Currently, most ocean biogeochemical models do not resolve these various of OC pathways explicitly; rather, they imply that OC is therein created and destroyed equally. In addition, the organic composition of these various pools is largely unknown, especially at depths below 500 m. Here, known processes of OC export from the surface ocean to the mesopelagic zone (100-1000 m) are briefly reviewed. Three OC export pathways and some of their sub-categories are considered. I refer to published studies of OC fluxes associated with the specific downward export pathways and identify gaps that need to be addressed to better understand the OC fluxes associated with the BCP.

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Diel variation in the vertical distribution of deep-water scattering layers in the Gulf of Mexico

Cited by 39 publications

References 92 publications

Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships

Mesopelagic Sound Scattering Layers of the High Arctic: Seasonal Variations in Biomass, Species Assemblage, and Trophic Relationships

High Latitude Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Scattering Layers—A Reference for Future Arctic Ecosystem Change

Pathways of Organic Carbon Downward Transport by the Oceanic Biological Carbon Pump

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