Diesel exhaust emissions and particle hygroscopicity with HVO fuel-oxygenate blend

Happonen, Matti; Heikkilä, Juha; Aakko-Saksa, Päivi; Murtonen, Timo; Lehto, Kalle; Rostedt, Antti; Sarjovaara, Teemu; Larmi, Martti; Keskinen, Jorma; Virtanen, Annele

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.006

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Also, soot particles become more hygroscopic once they are subjected to pretreatment with O 3 and UV radiation (Weingartner et al 1997), which can be explained by the oxidation or photolysis of hydrocarbons such as PAHs on the particle surface, which produce more soluble compounds. In a further study on the effect of fuel on hygroscopic properties of diesel particles, Happonen et al (2013) studied the effect of adding oxygen into the fuel using hydro-treated vegetable oils (HVO) and with HVO+fuel-oxygenate (di-n-pentyl ether) blend. They found an increased hygroscopicity of exhaust particles after addition of the oxygen-rich blend.…”

Section: Hygroscopic Properties Of Aerosols Emitted From Different Somentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They found an increased hygroscopicity of exhaust particles after addition of the oxygen-rich blend. Oxygen atoms, which were emitted in larger quantities with oxygenated fuel, may increase the oxygen to carbon ratio of an hypothetical superficial thin layer of organic material on the exhaust particles (Happonen et al 2013), resulting in more polar compounds by oxidation and thus increasing the hygroscopic growth of the emitted particles. This is consistent with the findings of Jimenez et al (2009), who reported that an increase of the oxygen to carbon-ratio resulted in an increased hygroscopicity of the organic aerosol.…”

Section: Hygroscopic Properties Of Aerosols Emitted From Different Somentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of hygroscopic growth factors of submicron aerosols from different sources and its implication for calculation of lung deposition efficiency of ambient aerosols

Delgado-Saborit

Harrison

2015

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Hygroscopic properties are an important parameter in determining the atmospheric behaviour of aerosols and their optical properties, influencing the direct and indirect effect of aerosols upon climate. As a result, particle hygroscopicity has received much attention with a rapid increase of publications in recent years. Likewise, hygroscopicity is an important characteristic influencing the deposition efficiency of particles in the human respiratory tract by affecting the particle size. The object of this study is to review the existing knowledge on the hygroscopic growth factor (G f ) of atmospheric submicron particles and its influence on the lung deposition calculation. The study briefly reviews first the G f values of particles generated from various sources, including nucleation, traffic emissions and biomass burning, discussing the spatial and temporal variations. It then summarises G f values of submicron particles and number fraction of each hygroscopic group measured in different ambient environments. These include marine, roadside, urban background and rural environments. The study concludes by estimating the lung deposition efficiency of ambient particles using a modified version of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) model for hygroscopic particles. Furthermore, the effect of hygroscopicity on lung deposition efficiency of ambient particles has been estimated. The ICRP model seems to predict well the deposition efficiency (DE) values for small ambient particles in the extra-thoracic and tracheo-bronchial region, but not the alveolar region, where they are overestimated. However, for larger particles (D p >200 nm), the ICRP model underestimates the DE values, with the extra-thoracic region the most affected of the three. Hygroscopic atmospheric particles with a small diameter (D p <200 nm) showed a lower total lung deposition than hydrophobic particles of the same initial size due to their hygroscopic properties. On the other hand, larger hygroscopic particles (D p >200 nm) showed much higher lung deposition than hydrophobic particles.

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Section: Hygroscopic Properties Of Aerosols Emitted From Different Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hygroscopic Properties Of Aerosols Emitted From Different Somentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of hygroscopic growth factors of submicron aerosols from different sources and its implication for calculation of lung deposition efficiency of ambient aerosols

Delgado-Saborit

Harrison

2015

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…The use of such fuels leads to alterations of exhaust emissions of light-duty engines, where it seems that the actual effect of the GTL-diesel blends is much dependent on the operation mode (Kitano et al, 2005). Different engine operating conditions may lead to opposite conclusions regarding the effect on NO x , PM, and smoke emissions (Armas et al, 2013;Happonen et al, 2013). This remark should always be considered when comparing the effects of HVO fuel between heavy-duty and light-duty engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and Effects on Emissions of a Passenger Car Diesel Engine

et al. 2018

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In the coming years, the application of paraffinic biofuels, such as Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils (HVO), in the transportation sector is expected to increase. However, as the composition of HVO is different compared to conventional diesel, the engine optimized for conventional fuel cannot take full advantage of the HVO beneficial properties. Suitable adjustment of a number of engine parameters, if not complete engine re-calibration, will enable the full exploitation of such fuels' potential for lower exhaust emissions and reduced fuel consumption. In the present work, the emission characteristics of HVO fuel in a light-duty Euro 5 diesel engine have been studied, under steady-state operation, as well as during the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The study was expanded to the investigation of exhaust emissions under modified Main Injection Timing (MIT) and EGR rate. The NEXBTL fuel, produced by Neste, was considered in the study and was compared with conventional market diesel. Emissions of nitric oxides (NO x ), soot, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and hydrocarbons (HC) were studied. At default MIT and EGR settings the use of HVO resulted in a significant reduction of all regulated emissions. In addition, it was observed that the adjustment of MIT and EGR can enhance the exploitation of HVO potential for emissions reduction, highlighting the differences with the conventional diesel fuel.

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“…Furthermore, freshly emitted soot is typically in an externally mixed state, so the condensation of soluble materials has not occurred and the soot maintains low hygroscopicity (Hasegawa and Ohta 2002;Rose et al 2011). However, recent work indicates the addition of oxygenated biofuels could modify the hygroscopic properties of diesel emissions (Happonen et al 2013) and gasoline emissions ; the latter of which exhibited potentially high CCN activity. In addition, lower elemental carbon (EC)/ organic carbon (OC) fractions have been shown to correlate with higher water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fractions for vehicles operating with biodiesel than when operating with diesel (Cheung et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Cloud Condensation Nuclei Predictions with Fast Time Resolved Aerosol Instrumentation to Determine the Hygroscopic Properties of Emissions Over Transient Drive Cycles

Short

Karavalakis

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The physical and chemical properties of aerosols emitted from vehicles can vary in composition under different driving conditions. Thus, characterizing ephemeral changes in aerosol cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity and apparent hygroscopicity for vehicle-testing procedures conducted over transient drive cycles can be challenging. To evaluate CCN activity of these emitted aerosols, a closure method integrating traditional CCN measurements with fast time resolved aerosol instrumentation typically used to measure engine exhaust was utilized. Calibration of the method predicted activation diameters, D d , within 10% and 15% of D d derived from K€ ohler theory for two stable sources, aerosolized ammonium sulfate and a-pinene secondary organic aerosol, respectively. It was then applied to a transient source to estimate the effect of six different ethanol and iso-butanol gasoline blends on the hygroscopic properties of emissions downstream a gasoline direct injection light duty passenger vehicle over transient drive cycles. To describe the CCN activity, a single hygroscopicity parameter, kappa, was used. Results indicate low CCN activity with kappa ranging between~0.002 and 0.06.

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Diesel exhaust emissions and particle hygroscopicity with HVO fuel-oxygenate blend

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

A review of hygroscopic growth factors of submicron aerosols from different sources and its implication for calculation of lung deposition efficiency of ambient aerosols

A review of hygroscopic growth factors of submicron aerosols from different sources and its implication for calculation of lung deposition efficiency of ambient aerosols

Evaluation of a Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) and Effects on Emissions of a Passenger Car Diesel Engine

Integrating Cloud Condensation Nuclei Predictions with Fast Time Resolved Aerosol Instrumentation to Determine the Hygroscopic Properties of Emissions Over Transient Drive Cycles

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