Diet and Antibody Response to Vaccinations in Healthy Infants

Zoppi, G; Mantovanelli, F.; Astolfi, Rafael Haddad; Gasparini, Roberto; Gobio-Casali, L.; Crovari, Pietro

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90004-1

Cited by 51 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In conclusion, in light of our present results and other work suggesting potential immune (25,27), reproductive (32,33), and endocrine (34,35) effects in infants or adults as a result of high isoflavone consumption, the use of soy formula for infant nutrition and high soy͞isoflavone intake by adults through the use of supplements needs to be approached with caution.…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Infants fed soy formula did indeed have reduced titers of antibodies against polio, tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis compared with infants that had been similarly vaccinated but fed cow milk formula (27). Morbidity, mainly upper respiratory infections and bronchitis, was increased in soy-fed vs. cow milk formula-fed infants (25,27). Thus, the effects observed in this study with genistein effects on T cells and immune function in mice parallel some reports in human infants suggesting soy formula consumption impairs T cell and immune function while increasing morbidity.…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The decreased immunoglobulins and complement levels and impairments in T cell function suggested that soy-fed infants could have impaired humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Infants fed soy formula did indeed have reduced titers of antibodies against polio, tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis compared with infants that had been similarly vaccinated but fed cow milk formula (27). Morbidity, mainly upper respiratory infections and bronchitis, was increased in soy-fed vs. cow milk formula-fed infants (25,27).…”

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 91%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Yellayi

Naaz

Szewczykowski

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy͞isoflavone supplements has aroused concern because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Here we show that s.c. genistein injections in ovariectomized adult mice produced doseresponsive decreases in thymic weight of up to 80%. Genistein's thymic effects occurred through both estrogen receptor (ER) and non-ER-mediated mechanisms, as the genistein effects on thymus were only partially blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780. Genistein decreased thymocyte numbers up to 86% and doubled apoptosis, indicating that the mechanism of the genistein effect on loss of thymocytes is caused in part by increased apoptosis. Genistein injection caused decreases in relative percentages of thymic CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ and double-positive CD4 ؉ CD8 ؉ thymocytes, providing evidence that genistein may affect early thymocyte maturation and the maturation of the CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ helper T cell lineage. Decreases in the relative percentages of CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ thymocytes were accompanied by decreases in relative percentages of splenic CD4 ؉ CD8 ؊ cells and a systemic lymphocytopenia. In addition, genistein produced suppression of humoral immunity. Genistein injected at 8 mg͞kg per day produced serum genistein levels comparable to those reported in soy-fed human infants, and this dose caused significant thymic and immune changes in mice. Critically, dietary genistein at concentrations that produced serum genistein levels substantially less than those in soy-fed infants produced marked thymic atrophy. These results raise the possibility that serum genistein concentrations found in soy-fed infants may be capable of producing thymic and immune abnormalities, as suggested by previous reports of immune impairments in soy-fed human infants. S oy-based formula for human infant nutrition is widely used, with approximately 25% of formula-fed infants in the U.S. consuming soy-based formula (1). This number represents 15% of all infants in the U.S., or about 750,000 infants͞year (1, 2). Infants consuming soy formula are exposed to high levels of genistein and daidzein, estrogenic isoflavones present in soybeans and soy products. On average, infants fed soy-based formula consume 6.0-11.9 mg of isoflavones͞kg per day (3, 4), an order of magnitude greater than adults eating high-soy diets. Total plasma levels of isoflavones and genistein in soy-fed infants range from 2.0 to 6.6 and 1.5 to 4.4 mol͞liter, respectively (3), 10-fold greater than levels in Japanese adults whose diets have historically included soy, and 200-fold greater than plasma levels in infants fed cow's milk formula or human breast milk (3, 5). Levels of the free genistein aglycone as a percent of total genistein are higher in rat pups than in adults (6), but have not been measured in human infants. If a similar phenomenon occurs in humans, relative levels of the biologically active free aglycones may be even greater than the 10-fold difference documented in total (free ϩ conjugated) serum isoflavone and genistein levels in...

show abstract

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Genistein Increases Thymocyte Apoptosis and Preferentially De-mentioning

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Yellayi

Naaz

Szewczykowski

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

165

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 Additional studies confirm that soy protein-based formulas do not interfere with normal immune responses to oral immunization with poliovirus vaccine. 52,53 The US Food and Drug Administration has approved these formulas as safe for use with infants.…”

Section: Use In Term and Preterm Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding

Bhatia¹,

Greer²

2008

Pediatrics

323

333

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Soy protein-based formulas have been available for almost 100 years. Since the first use of soy formula as a milk substitute for an infant unable to tolerate a cow milk protein-based formula, the formulation has changed to the current soy protein isolate. Despite very limited indications for its use, soy protein-based formulas in the United States may account for nearly 25% of the formula market. This report reviews the limited indications and contraindications of soy formulas. It will also review the potential harmful effects of soy protein-based formulas and the phytoestrogens contained in these formulas.T HE AMERICAN ACADEMY of Pediatrics (AAP) is committed to the use of human milk as the ideal source of nutrition for infant feeding. However, by 2 months of age, the majority of infants in North America are receiving at least some formula. Soy-based infant formulas have been available for almost 100 years. 1 Despite limited indications, soy protein-based formula accounts for approximately 20% of the formula market in the United States. Because an infant formula provides a source of nutrition for an extended interval, its nutritional adequacy must be proven, and the indications for its use must be substantiated and well understood. This statement updates the 1998 AAP review of soy protein-based formulas and addresses the ongoing concern of phytoestrogens in soy formulas. COMPOSITIONIsolated soy protein-based formulas currently on the market are all free of cow milk protein and lactose and provide 67 kcal/dL. All are iron-fortified and meet the vitamin, mineral, and electrolyte specifications addressed in the 2004 guidelines from the AAP for feeding term infants 2 and established by the US Food and Drug Administration. 3 The protein is a soy isolate supplemented with L-methionine, L-carnitine, and taurine to provide a protein content of 2.45 to 2.8 g per 100 kcal or 1.65 to 1.9 g/dL. The fat content of soy protein-based formulas is derived primarily from vegetable oils. The quantity of specific fats varies by manufacturer and is usually similar to those in the manufacturer's corresponding cow milk-based formula. The fat content ranges from 5.02 to 5.46 g per 100 kcal or 3.4 to 3.6 g/dL. The oils used include soy, palm, sunflower, olein, safflower, and coconut. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids now are added routinely.In formulas, carbohydrate sources are corn maltodextrin, corn syrup solids, and sucrose, with content ranging from 10.26 to 10.95 g per 100 kcal or 6.9 to 7.4 g/dL. Until 1980, mineral absorption from soy formulas was erratic because of poor stability of the suspensions and the presence of excessive soy phytates. 4 Because soy protein isolate formulas still contain 1.5% phytates, and up to 30% of the total phosphorus is phytate bound, they contain 20% more calcium and phosphorus than cow milk-based formulas and maintain the ratio of calcium to available phosphorus of 1.1 to 2.0:1. With the current formulations, bone mineralization, serum concentrations of calcium and phosphorus, and alka...

show abstract

“…Soy protein formula is similar to cow's milk protein in the distribution of nutrients, and thus provides normal growth and immunologic status (3,4). It has been widely used especially for infants with CMA as a substitute, because of its low allergenicity (5), low cost, good palatability, nutritional adequacy, and no cross reactivity to cow's milk protein.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Soy Protein Hypersensitivity in Cow's Milk Protein-Sensitive Children in Korea

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of soy protein hypersensitivity in cow's milk protein-sensitive children in Korea. A total of 1,363 patients with atopic dermatitis, urticaria, enterocolitis syndrome, bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis were recruited. First, we estimated the prevalence of sensitization to soy in children sensitized to cow's milk. Specific IgE levels > 0.7 kU/L by CAP assay were considered positive. Next, the prevalence of soy allergy in cow's milk allergy (CMA) patients was investigated. Those children whose parents agreed to participate the open challenge test with soy had a convincing history of allergic reactions elicited by cow's milk and these symptoms were relieved by elimination. All of them had negative soy-specific IgE. Patients with positive soy-specific IgE accounted for 18.3% of 224 children sensitized to cow's milk protein. The prevalence of sensitization to soy decreased with age (36.8% in the first year of life, 16.4% in the second year, and 13.7% in the third year). Of 21 CMA patients, 42.9% (n=9) were determined to have soy allergy (mean age 10.3 months). Our results suggest that soy protein formula should be carefully used as a substitute for cow's milk in CMA patients, especially during infancy.

show abstract

Diet and Antibody Response to Vaccinations in Healthy Infants

Cited by 51 publications

References 15 publications

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

The phytoestrogen genistein induces thymic and immune changes: A human health concern?

Use of Soy Protein-Based Formulas in Infant Feeding

Prevalence of Soy Protein Hypersensitivity in Cow's Milk Protein-Sensitive Children in Korea

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About