Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans

Spencer, Elizabeth A.; Appleby, Paul N.; Davey, Gwyneth K.; Key, Timothy J.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300

Cited by 266 publications

(221 citation statements)

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“…Fiber, glycemic index and load, and obesity K Murakami et al in previous cross-sectional studies (Appleby et al, 1998;Sasaki et al, 2003;Spencer et al, 2003;Howarth et al, 2005;Liese et al, 2005), although one study did not show an inverse association (Stookey, 2001). Higher total dietary fiber intake has also been associated with lower body weight gain (Ludwig et al, 1999) and lower increase in body weight and BMI (Liu et al, 2003) in several prospective studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In contrast, intake of dietary fiber (unavailable carbohydrate) has been shown to be independently negatively associated with a measure of obesity in several (Appleby et al, 1998;Ludwig et al, 1999;Liu et al, 2003;Sasaki et al, 2003;Spencer et al, 2003;Howarth et al, 2005;Liese et al, 2005), but not all (Stookey, 2001), observational studies. Although high dietary fiber intake is often correlated with low dietary GI and/or GL (Howarth et al, 2001;Bouche et al, 2002;Scholl et al, 2004;Schulze et al, 2004;Sloth et al, 2004;Schulz et al, 2005), few observational studies have examined these dietary factors simultaneously in relation to a measure of obesity, especially in non-Western populations (Toeller et al, 2001;Amano et al, 2004;Sahyoun et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Dietary fat intake has long been assumed to be a major nutritional contributing factor to obesity, but the results of observational studies have been mixed (Appleby et al , 1998;Ludwig et al, 1999;Stookey, 2001;Sasaki et al, 2003;Spencer et al, 2003;Howarth et al, 2005). Although this inconsistency may be due to selective underestimation of dietary fat intake by obese people (Goris et al, 2000), the potential role of dietary carbohydrate in the development of obesity has thus become an important question, because the intake of another macronutrient, protein, is fairly constant in normal diets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

Murakami

Sasaki²,

Okubo

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: Few observational studies have investigated dietary fiber intake and dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) simultaneously in relation to obesity, particularly in non-Western populations. We examined the associations between dietary fiber intake and dietary GI and GL, and body mass index (BMI) in young Japanese women. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: A total of 3931 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18-20 years from 53 institutions in Japan. Methods: Dietary fiber intake and dietary GI and GL (GI for glucose ¼ 100) were assessed by a validated, self-administered, diet history questionnaire. BMI was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Results: Mean values of BMI, dietary fiber intake, dietary GI and dietary GL were 21.0 kg/m 2 , 6.5 g/4186 kJ, 65.1 and 82.1/ 4186 kJ, respectively. White rice (GI ¼ 77) was the major contributor to dietary GI and GL (45.8%). After controlling for potential dietary and nondietary confounding factors, dietary fiber intake was negatively correlated with BMI (adjusted mean ¼ 21.1 kg/m 2 in the lowest and 20.7 kg/m 2 in the highest quintiles; P for trend ¼ 0.0007). Conversely, dietary GI and GL were independently positively correlated with BMI (20.8 and 21.2 kg/m 2 ; P for trend ¼ 0.03, and 20.5 and 21.5 kg/m 2 ; P for trend ¼ 0.0005, respectively). Conclusions: Dietary fiber intake showed an independent negative association with BMI, and dietary GI and GL showed an independent positive association with BMI among relatively lean young Japanese women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

Murakami

Sasaki²,

Okubo

et al. 2007

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…BMI is on average 1-2 kg/m 2 less in vegetarians and vegans compared with age-and gendermatched non-vegetarians (26) . In the Adventist Health Study, BMI increased as the frequency of consumption of meat increased in both men and women (27) .…”

Section: What Is a Vegetarian Diet?mentioning

confidence: 87%

Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review

McEvoy

Temple

Woodside

2012

Public Health Nutr.

267

168

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Objective: To review the epidemiological evidence for vegetarian diets, low-meat dietary patterns and their association with health status in adults. Design: Published literature review focusing primarily on prospective studies and meta-analyses examining the association between vegetarian diets and health outcomes. Results: Both vegetarian diets and prudent diets allowing small amounts of red meat are associated with reduced risk of diseases, particularly CHD and type 2 diabetes. There is limited evidence of an association between vegetarian diets and cancer prevention. Evidence linking red meat intake, particularly processed meat, and increased risk of CHD, cancer and type 2 diabetes is convincing and provides indirect support for consumption of a plant-based diet. Conclusions: The health benefits of vegetarian diets are not unique. Prudent plant-based dietary patterns which also allow small intakes of red meat, fish and dairy products have demonstrated significant improvements in health status as well. At this time an optimal dietary intake for health status is unknown. Plant-based diets contain a host of food and nutrients known to have independent health benefits. While vegetarian diets have not shown any adverse effects on health, restrictive and monotonous vegetarian diets may result in nutrient deficiencies with deleterious effects on health. For this reason, appropriate advice is important to ensure a vegetarian diet is nutritionally adequate especially for vulnerable groups.

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“…A link between lower BMI and vegetarianism has also consistently been reported (25)(26)(27) , as well as an overall decline in mortality (28) . Even though the health effects of vegetarianism and veganism are largely acknowledged, some uncertainties remain (29,30) , especially with regard to sufficient vitamin B 12 and vitamin D concentrations in the diet (31,32) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 76%

Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self-identification and operationalized definition in Finland

Vinnari

Montonen

Härkänen

et al. 2008

PHN

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Objectives: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic factors related to vegetarians according to different definitions in Finland and to compare the consumption of selected foodstuffs and nutritional intakes among vegetarians and omnivores. Design: Information about subjects' identification as vegetarians in a survey was used as a basis for self-defined vegetarianism. Foodstuffs consumed and their frequencies of consumption were obtained, and the reported consumption frequencies of meat, fish, milk and eggs or food portions containing these foodstuffs were used as a basis for an operationalized definition of different types of vegetarianism. Reported consumption was used to estimate foodstuff and nutritional intakes. Setting: Three large nationwide surveys in Finland. Subjects: In total, 24 393 participants aged between 18 and 79 years were included. Results: The proportion of self-identified vegetarians was 3?3 % of the total population in Finland. According to responses to questions on consumption frequency, 1?4 % of the population were pesco-lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 0?43 % were vegans, lacto-vegetarians or lacto-ovo-vegetarians, and 0?18 % were vegans or lacto-vegetarians. Eighty per cent of the self-identified vegetarians did not follow a vegetarian diet according to the operationalized definition, but they consumed fewer meat products (P , 0?01). Conclusion: Some self-defined vegetarians do consume red meat, poultry or fish, but they follow a healthier diet than self-defined omnivores. In the same sample self-identification indicated more than double the incidence of vegetarianism than the operationalized definition. Therefore self-identification is not a good method for observing the prevalence of vegetarianism.

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Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans

Cited by 266 publications

References 20 publications

Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

Dietary fiber intake, dietary glycemic index and load, and body mass index: a cross-sectional study of 3931 Japanese women aged 18–20 years

Vegetarian diets, low-meat diets and health: a review

Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self-identification and operationalized definition in Finland

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