Diet Formulation and Feeding Programs

Kim, Sung Woo; Hansen, J. A.

doi:10.1002/9781118491454.ch9

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Weaning is a challenging period for nursery pigs especially with their immune and intestinal functions resulting in reduced growth performance ( 1 ). During this period, pigs experience environmental, immunological, psychological, and nutritional challenges ( 2 – 4 ). Consequently, pigs at weaning are highly susceptible to pathogenic microorganism, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causing enteric diseases ( 5 , 6 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli

Duarte

Tyus²,

Kim

2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with xylanase and probiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Sixty-four newly weaned pigs (32 barrows and 32 gilts with 7.9 ± 0.4 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design (2 × 2 factorial). Two factors were ETEC challenge (oral inoculation of saline solution or E. coli F18 + at 6 × 10 9 CFU) and synbiotics (none or a combination of xylanase 10,000 XU/kg and Bacillus sp. 2 × 10 8 CFU/kg). All pigs were fed experimental diets following NRC (2012) in two phases (P1 for 10 d and P2 for 11 d). The ETEC was orally inoculated on d 7 after weaning. Feed intake and BW were measured on d 7, 10, 15, and 20. On d 20, pigs were euthanized to collect samples to measure gut health parameters and microbiome. Synbiotics increased (P < 0.05) ADG in phase 1 and ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in the post-challenge period. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) the fecal score of pigs from d 7 to 13; however, synbiotics reduced (P < 0.05) it at d 9 and 11 in challenged pigs. ETEC increased (P < 0.05) mucosal MDA, IL-6, Ki-67 + , and crypt depth, whereas synbiotics tended to reduce TNFα (P = 0.093), protein carbonyl (P = 0.065), and IL-6 (P = 0.064); reduced (P < 0.05) crypt depth and Ki-67 + ; and increased (P < 0.05) villus height. ETEC reduced (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. In conclusion, ETEC challenge reduced growth performance by affecting microbiome, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum. Synbiotics enhanced growth performance by reducing diarrhea, immune response, and oxidative stress in the jejunum.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli

Duarte

Tyus²,

Kim

2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Weanling pigs, in general, are provided with a palatable milk products-based phase 1 nursery diet for a short period to maximize their intake and accordingly to minimize the post-weaning growth check resulting primarily from insufficient feed intake [ 1 , 2 , 5 ]. Most nursery feeding programs of commercial feed manufacturers in Korea, like the HIGH program of the present study, recommend the use of the phase 1 diet for 1 week and subsequently phases 2 and 3 diets containing lower percentages of the milk products for 2 weeks each.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weaning is a most stressful transition not only socially but also nutritionally in the life of commercial pigs [ 1 , 2 ]. Therefore, weaner pigs are usually provided with palatable diets containing highly digestible milk products such as lactose and dried whey to alleviate the weaning stress [ 3 – 5 ]. However, the milk products are so costly that some researchers compared the relative effects of ‘complex’ nursery diets containing high percentages of the milk products vs. ‘simple’ ones containing no or low percentages of the milk products on growth performance of pigs to examine the feasibility of reducing the ratio of the milk products in the nursery diets [ 6 – 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of varying nursery phase-feeding programs on growth performance of pigs during the nursery and subsequent grow-finish phases

et al. 2014

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The present study investigated the effects of varying durations of nursery diets differing in percentages of milk products on growth performance of pigs during the nursery phase (NP) and subsequent grow-finish phase (GFP) to find the feasibility of reducing the use of nursery diets containing costly milk products. A total of 204 21-d-old weanling female and castrated male pigs were subjected to one of three nursery phase feeding programs differing in durations on the NP 1 and 2 and GFP diets containing 20%, 7%, and 0% lacrosse and 35%, 8%, and 0% dried whey, respectively, in 6 pens (experimental units) for 33 d: HIGH (NP 1, 2 and 3 diets for 7, 14, and 12 d), MEDIUM (NP 2 and 3 for 14 and 19 d), and LOW (NP 2 and 3 and GFP 1 for 7, 14, and 12 d). Subsequently, 84 randomly selected pigs [14 pigs (replicates)/pen] were fed the GFP 1, 2 and 3 diets during d 54-96, 96-135, and 135-182 of age, respectively. The final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of nursery pigs did not differ among the HIGH, MEDIUM, and LOW groups (14.8, 13.3, and 13.7 kg in BW and 273, 225, and 237 g in ADG, respectively). The average daily feed intake during the nursery phase was greater (p <0.01) in the HIGH group than in the MEDIUM and LOW groups, whereas the gain:feed ratio did not differ across the treatments. The BW on d 182 and ADG during d 54-182 were greater in the HIGH and MEDIUM groups vs. the LOW group (110.0, 107.6, and 99.6 kg in BW, respectively; p <0.01). The backfat thickness and carcass grade at slaughter on d 183 did not differ across the treatments. In conclusion, the MEDIUM program may be inferior to the commonly used HIGH program in supporting nursery pig growth. Nevertheless, the former appears to be more efficient than the latter in production cost per market pig whereas the LOW program is thought to be inefficient because of its negative effect on post-nursery pig growth.

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“…Because the experimental starter diets were the first feeds that were offered to the piglets after weaning, it was important to use ingredients that were highly digestible and then only gradually to make changes to conventional ingredients (Kim & Hansen, 2013). For these reasons, the contents of SM and SBM were limited to 20% of the experimental diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sesame meal as the first protein source in piglet starter diets and advantages of a phytase: a digestive study

Souza¹,

Escobar²,

Aguilera³

et al. 2017

SA J. An. Sci.

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Soybean meal (SBM) is the protein source that is used most in feeding piglets, but its high price has prompted a search for alternatives. One option is sesame meal (SM), a by-product of sesame oil. This study evaluated the effects of SM and phytase on the intestinal morphology, total trypsin activity (TTA) and specific trypsin activity (STA), apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AAs), and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and energy (E) in weaned piglets. Twenty piglets weaned at 17 days old were placed in metabolic cages in a temperature-controlled room. When the piglets were 21 days old, cannulas were fitted at the terminal ileum. From the fourth day after surgery, piglets received the experimental treatments for nine days, namely an SM or SBM diet, each with or without phytase. The protein source or phytase did not affect villus height, crypt depth, or TTA. However, phytase increased STA. The AID of dry matter (DM), E, crude protein (CP), and AA was similar among treatments, except for arginine, which was more digestible in the SM diets (85.8) than in the SBM ones (81.6). The ATTD of DM and E was higher in the SM than in the SBM diets. Phytase increased the ATTD of Ca (22.7 %) and P (27.9 %). The findings showed that SM can be used as a protein source for piglets and that its consumption increases arginine intake. The addition of phytase to the diet increases the ATTD of P and Ca.

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Diet Formulation and Feeding Programs

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli

Synbiotic Effects of Enzyme and Probiotics on Intestinal Health and Growth of Newly Weaned Pigs Challenged With Enterotoxigenic F18+Escherichia coli

Effects of varying nursery phase-feeding programs on growth performance of pigs during the nursery and subsequent grow-finish phases

Sesame meal as the first protein source in piglet starter diets and advantages of a phytase: a digestive study

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