Diet-Induced Gut Dysbiosis and Leaky Gut Syndrome

Abstract

Chronic gut inflammation promotes the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity. There is growing evidence which suggests that dysbiosis in gut microbiota and metabolites disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and significantly impact the level of inflammation in various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissues. Moreover, dietary sources are connected to the development of leaky gut syndrome through their interaction with the gut microbiota. This review examines the effects of these factors on intestinal microorganisms and the communication pathways between the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. The consumption of diets rich in fats and carbohydrates has been found to weaken the adherence of tight junction proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, this allows endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides produced by detrimental bacteria, to permeate through portal veins, leading to metabolic endotoxemia and alterations in the gut microbiome composition with reduced production of metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. However, the precise correlation between gut microbiota and alternative sweeteners remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation. This study highlights the significance of exploring the impact of diet on gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms in the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. Nevertheless, limited research on the gut-liver axis poses challenges in comprehending the intricate connections between diet and the gut-brain axis. This underscores the need for comprehensive studies to elucidate the intricate gut-brain mechanisms underlying intestinal health and microbiota.

Underlying Mechanisms behind the Brain–Gut–Liver Axis and Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update

“…Consequently, the liver serves as the primary line of defense against endotoxins produced by the intestinal tract. Changes in intestinal microbiota, such as the aforementioned leaky gut syndrome, can thus contribute to the development of MAFLD [114][115][116]. In parallel, metabolic dysregulations produced by pathologies such as MAFLD exacerbate both intrahepatic and systemic pro-inflammatory conditions, heightening the risk of neurodegeneration associated with hepatic encephalopathy.…”

Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets

“…The human gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of symbiotic bacterial species, collectively termed gut microbiota, which provide numerous health benefits when adequate microbial diversity and abundance are achieved [11,12]. However, in states of dysbiosis, changes in the composition profile of gut microbiota and its metabolic byproducts can contribute to the onset of pathogenic conditions [13,14]. There are six main phyla of gut bacteria that include Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Euryarchaeota, and Proteobacteria, with over 90% of the total composition being composed of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes [15].…”