Diet–microbiota interactions and personalized nutrition

Abstract

Conceptual scientific and medical advances have led to a recent realization that there may be no single, one-size-fits-all diet and that differential human responses to dietary inputs may rather be driven by unique and quantifiable host and microbiome features. Integration of these person-specific host and microbiome readouts into actionable modules may complement traditional food measurement approaches in devising diets that are of benefit to the individual. Although many host-derived factors are hardwired and difficult to modulate, the microbiome may be more readily reshaped by environmental factors such as dietary exposures and is increasingly recognized to potentially impact human physiology by participating in digestion, the absorption of nutrients, shaping of the mucosal immune response and the synthesis or modulation of a plethora of potentially bioactive compounds. Thus, diet-induced microbiota alterations may be harnessed in order to induce changes in host physiology , including disease development and progression. However, major limitations in 'big-data' processing and analysis still limit our interpretive and translational capabilities concerning these person-specific host, microbiome and diet interactions. In this Review , we describe the latest advances in understanding dietmicrobiota interactions, the individuality of gut microbiota composition and how this knowledge could be harnessed for personalized nutrition strategies to improve human health.

Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes

“…[ 139–141 ] This approach, that is, tailored polyphenol‐rich diets for specific individuals, could explain some controversial studies regarding the polyphenol effects by linking metabotypes to the concept of “personalized nutrition,” that is, the prevention and even the management of some diseases from a nutritional point of view. [ 8,139,142,143 ]…”

Microbiota–modulated enteric neuron translational profiling uncovers a CART+ glucoregulatory subset

“…Our data revealed microbial-and region-dependent iEAN functional specialization with the potential to perform metabolic control independent of the CNS. Because we only focused on the functional characterization of selected neuropeptides, our study certainly does not exclude the possibility that additional microbiota-independent, modulated, or imprinted iEAN neuropeptide pathways play complementary or redundant roles in GI physiology, including in feeding behavior (3,45,47,51,56,57). Nevertheless, the observation that microbiota-modulated viscerofugal neurons in the distal intestine can increase blood glucose via a local circuit warrants additional investigations into CNSindependent EAN circuits.…”

“…The gut microbiota influences several physiological and pathological processes, including local nutrient absorption and lipid metabolism (7,(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), as well as activation of the gut-associated and systemic immune system (50). Dysbiosis or depletion of commensal bacteria has also been shown to impact iEAN excitability and neurochemical code (51,52), microglia maturation (53), CNS neurogenesis (54), and behavioral or cognitive disorders (51,54,55).…”

Visualizing the invisible: class excursions to ignite children’s enthusiasm for microbes

“…For many foods, microbes play a pivotal role in their manufacture, enhancement of nutritional value, preservation, and potential spoilage or transmission of food‐borne disease. And, in turn, our diet greatly influences our microbiome, with consequences for our health (Kolodziejczyk et al , 2019). Thus, there is the critical food–microbes–health nexus to explore and the personal decisions that result from it.…”