Diet, Serum Fatty Acids and Atopic Diseases in Childhood

Dunder, Teija; Kuikka, Liisa; Turtinen, Juha; Rásänen, Leena; Uhari, Matti

doi:10.1203/00006450-199904020-00064

Cited by 56 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…Because of the wide age range of the study population, differences in the extent of the beneficial effect can be expected. Some of the studies measured exposure and outcome at a much older age [36,37,39,40] than others [38,41,42,49]. Two of the prospective cohort studies followed-up infants to age 4 years [38,41], whereas Alm et al [49] followed-up infants to age 1 year.…”

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Nine studies observed a beneficial effect of fish intake during infancy/ childhood and atopic outcomes in those infants/children [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]. Two of the studies observed a negative effect of fish intake on childhood atopy [45,46], and three studies observed no associations [47][48][49].…”

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The crosssectional studies of Kim et al [40] and Antova et al [43] used a parental FFQ, that of Chatzi et al [42] used a semiquantitative FFQ and the other cross-sectional study used parental report of fish consumption without frequencies [39]. The retrospective case-control study of Dunder et al [37] used a 48-h recall of intake and the case-control study of Hodge et al [36] used a parental FFQ (although consumption frequency categories were not used in their analysis). The ideal method of collecting information on fish consumption would be a FFQ with various food categories/items reflecting intake during the past 12 months, including time of introduction of fish into diet and different types of fish consumed (oily, non-oily).…”

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Of the studies that found a beneficial association between fish intake during infancy/childhood and atopic outcomes, three were prospective cohort [38,41,49], two were case-control [36,37], and four were cross-sectional [39,40,42,43]. The age range of children taking part in these studies was between 1 and 18 years (at the time point that outcomes were measured).…”

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 98%

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Atopy Risk in Infants and Children in Relation to Early Exposure to Fish, Oily Fish, or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

Kremmyda

Vlachava

Noakes

et al. 2009

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

165

129

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There are two main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the n-6 and the n-3 families. It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between n-6 PUFA intake and allergic disease, and there are biologically plausible mechanisms, involving eicosanoid mediators of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid, that could explain this. Fish and fish oils are sources of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and these fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs. Thus, it is considered that n-3 PUFAs will protect against atopic sensitization and against the clinical manifestations of atopy. Evidence to examine this has been acquired from epidemiologic studies investigating associations between fish intake in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children and from intervention studies with fish oil supplements in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children. All five epidemiological studies investigating the effect of maternal fish intake during pregnancy on atopic or allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies concluded protective associations. One study investigating the effects of maternal fish intake during lactation did not observe any significant associations. The evidence from epidemiological studies investigating the effects of fish intake during infancy and childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants or children is inconsistent, although the majority of the studies (nine of 14) showed a protective effect of fish intake during infancy or childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants/children. Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and lactation or during infancy or childhood results in a higher n-3 PUFA status in the infants or children. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood and such changes may persist. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitization to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence with a reduction in eczema, hay fever, and asthma. Fish oil provision to infants or children may be associated with immunologic changes in the blood but it is not clear if these are of clinical significance and whether they persist. Fish oil supplementation in infancy may decrease the risk of developing some manifestations of allergic disease, but this benefit may not persist as other factors come into play. It is not clear whether fish oil can be used to treat children with asthma as the two studies conducted to date give divergent results. Further studies of increased long-chain n-3 PUFA provision in during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy are needed to more clearly identify the immunologic and clinical effects in infants and children and to identify protective and therapeutic effects and their persistence.

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Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Pufas Eicosanoids Inflammatory Processes and Atopymentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Atopy Risk in Infants and Children in Relation to Early Exposure to Fish, Oily Fish, or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

Kremmyda

Vlachava

Noakes

et al. 2009

Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol

165

129

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Australian schoolchildren who included oily fish in their diet had a much lower likelihood of having asthma than children who did not consume oily fish (91). Schoolchildren who went on to develop atopy had previously consumed more margarine and less butter (and thus more n-6 PUFA) than those who did not develop atopy (92). Despite a biologically plausible mechanism and the supportive biochemical and epidemiologic data, the key to demonstrating a protective effect of increased long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption toward atopic disease must come from well-designed, placebocontrolled intervention studies.…”

Section: Clinical Applications Of the Anti-inflammatory Effects Of N-mentioning

confidence: 98%

n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: From molecular biology to the clinic

Calder¹

2003

Lipids

454

311

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The immune system is involved in host defense against infectious agents, tumor cells, and environmental insults. Inflammation is an important component of the early immunologic response. Inappropriate or dysfunctional immune responses underlie acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related compounds that have important roles in inflammation and in the regulation of immunity. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of AA in cell membranes by EPA. This leads to decreased production of AA-derived mediators, through several mechanisms, including decreased availability of AA, competition for cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, and decreased expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX. This alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 FA. However, n-3 FA have a number of other effects that might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this effect. For example, dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and can modulate adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n-3 FA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory. There are indications that the inclusion of fish oil in enteral and parenteral formulae is beneficial to patients.

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Prenatal Fatty Acid Status and Immune Development: The Pathways and the Evidence

Prescott

Dunstan

2007

Lipids

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This review explores the effects of dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on various aspects of early immune development and their potential role in the development or the prevention of immune disease. Modern diets have become increasingly rich in n-6 LCPUFA and relatively n-3 LCPUFA deficient. These potentially "pro-inflammatory" dietary changes have clear implications for the immature and developing fetal immune system. It is now well known that immunological abnormalities precede the development of allergic disease and are frequently evident at birth or in the first months of life. This has lead to the hypothesis that potential effects of LCPUFA could be greatest in very early life before immune responses and clinical phenotype are established. Here we summarise the evidence that patterns of LCPUFA exposure in pregnancy can influence aspects of fetal immune in ways that are consistent with the immunological properties of these nutrients in adults. Specifically, human studies have shown that higher levels of n-3 LCPUFA are associated with reduction in neonatal oxidative stress, reduced production of inflammatory leukotienne B4 (LTB4) and altered T cell function. Inverse correlations between n-3 LCPUFA levels and neonatal T cell cytokine production, are consistent with adult studies showing reduction in T cell cytokine production with fish oil supplementation. At this stage the relevance of these effects in the prevention of disease is unclear. Although there have been no effects of postnatal fish oil supplementation (from 6 months of age) on allergy prevention, preliminary studies suggest possible merits in pregnancy and there are ongoing pregnancy intervention studies to address this more definitively.

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Diet, Serum Fatty Acids and Atopic Diseases in Childhood

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Atopy Risk in Infants and Children in Relation to Early Exposure to Fish, Oily Fish, or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

Atopy Risk in Infants and Children in Relation to Early Exposure to Fish, Oily Fish, or Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review

n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: From molecular biology to the clinic

Prenatal Fatty Acid Status and Immune Development: The Pathways and the Evidence

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