Dietary Arthrospira platensis in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A Means to Reduce Threats Caused by CdCl2 Exposure?

Abstract

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most commercially sought-after freshwater fish species and one of the most farmed in the world. On the other hand, aquaculture breeding frequently results in outbreaks of infectious diseases and pests, and compromises the production and welfare of fish. Arthrospira platensis (known as “Spirulina”) has been used as a supplement in diets to enhance fish welfare in recent years because of its beneficial properties. This study aimed to assess the possible protective effects of Arthrospira platensis on rainbow trout specimens exposed to three different doses of the toxicant CdCl2. The experiment was carried out using five experimental treatments of 40 individuals each: control group; group II (0.2 mg CdCl2 per kg of commercial fish feed); group III (0.2 mg Kg−1 of CdCl2 plus 2.5 g per Kg of A. platensis); group IV (0.2 mg Kg−1 of CdCl2 plus 5 g per kg of A. platensis); group V (0.2 mg Kg−1 of CdCl2 plus 10 g per kg of A. platensis). During the experiment, dietary supplementation of A. platensis normalized all serum and blood parameters altered by the presence of CdCl2. A. platensis also had a protective effect on markers of oxidative stress.

Hemocytes: A Useful Tool for Assessing the Toxicity of Microplastics, Heavy Metals, and Pesticides on Aquatic Invertebrates

“…Cadmium possesses immunotoxic effects on invertebrates, especially on mussels, which are filter feeders and have an open circulatory system [ 65 ]. Concentrations of 10 −6 to 10 −3 of cadmium significantly reduced hemocyte viability and phagocytosis activity in a dose-dependent manner in the hemocytes of the mussel Dreissena polymorpha [ 33 ].…”

The odd couple: Caffeine and microplastics. Morphological and physiological changes in Mytilus galloprovincialis

“…To capture the real environmental scenario, studies on the pharmaceutical effects must account for potential interactions between various stressors and the resulting modulation of responses. Consequently, the application of multiple stressor model exposures has gained popularity in aquatic ecotoxicology (Arrigo et al, 2023; Banaee et al, 2022; Banaee, Faraji, et al, 2023; Banaee, Impellitteri, et al, 2023; Burgos‐Aceves et al, 2021a, 2021b; Filice et al, 2023; Khoma et al, 2021; Mezzelani et al, 2023).…”

“…The plastic industry's continuous growth and increased waste production have led to a rise in MPs discharge into aquatic environments (Banaee et al, 2019; Capo et al, 2021; Hodkovicova et al, 2022; Savuca et al, 2022). However, the potential effects of MPs in combination with commonly found water contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, and micropollutants, remain unclear (Aliko et al, 2022; Arif et al, 2022; Banaee et al, 2022; Gu et al, 2020; Ravi et al, 2023). Given that MPs are suspected to interact with hydrophobic substances, potentially acting as vectors and leading to increased contaminant accumulation, the potential influence of MPs on waterborne caffeine warrants investigation (Amelia et al, 2021; Burgos‐Aceves et al, 2022; de Sá et al, 2018; Menéndez‐Pedriza & Jaumot, 2020; Pastorino et al, 2023).…”

“…Consequently, the application of multiple stressor model exposures has gained popularity in aquatic ecotoxicology (Arrigo et al, 2023;Banaee et al, 2022;Banaee, Faraji, et al, 2023;Banaee, Impellitteri, et al, 2023;Burgos-Aceves et al, 2021a, 2021bFilice et al, 2023;Khoma et al, 2021;Mezzelani et al, 2023).…”

Impact of Chlorpyrifos on Cytopathological Indices in Mangrove Crab, Episesarma tetragonum (Fabricius)

“…Cytopathological indicators are crucial for monitoring and evaluating the toxicity of aquatic ecosystems [20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Prolonged exposure to toxic agents often does not cause death directly; however, the structure and function of vital organs are affected, jeopardizing the individual population.…”