Dietary Bile Acid Supplementation Could Regulate the Glucose, Lipid Metabolism, and Microbiota of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Fed with a High-Lipid Diet

Abstract

This study sought to examine the role of bile acids in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, intestinal flora, and growth in high-fat diet-fed common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish ( 6.34 ± 0.07 g ) were fed for 56 days with three different diets, the control diet (CO, 5.4% lipid), high-fat diet (HF, 11% lipid), and high-fat diet with 60 mg/kg bile acids (BAs, 11% lipid). The results showed that high-fat diets resulted in poor growth performance and increased triglyceride (TG) in serum and the liver. The addition of bile acids significantly alleviated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The mRNA expression results indicated that bile acids may improve lipid metabolism through the enhancement of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARa). The expression of gluconeogenesis-related phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA was inhibited, while fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) was significantly higher. Bile acids reshaped the intestinal microflora community, with the level of Bacteroidetes increasing. The correlation analysis indicated that Patescibacteria, Dependentiae, Myxococcota, and Planctomycetota in the gut are associated with genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. These results indicated that bile acids could ameliorate the negative effects of high-fat diets on common carp.

Inhibitory Effect of Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) Seed Kernel Oil on Lipid Metabolism of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in High-Fat Diet

“…The present VSI values were significantly higher in the high-lipid-level diets of the HSO and HPASO groups than those in the SO and PASO groups (Table 4), which was similar to the previous results in turbot: higher VSI values of fish were found in the higher-lipid diet [39], showing the higher lipid deposition was caused by a high-lipid diet. Similarly, in the present study, higher lipid accumulation and greater accumulation of lipid droplets was found in the hepatopancreas of grass carp in the HSO and HPASO groups than in the SO and PASO groups (Table 5 and Figure 1), which was in agreement with previous results that high-fat diets trigger lipid accumulation [40,41]. Immoderately high lipid in the diet usually results in the excessive accumulation of lipid in the tissue of fish and probably caused fatty liver disease [42,43] and these results have also been previously reported in blunt snout bream [41], common carp [40,44], tilapia [45], and grass carp [46,47].…”

“…Similarly, in the present study, higher lipid accumulation and greater accumulation of lipid droplets was found in the hepatopancreas of grass carp in the HSO and HPASO groups than in the SO and PASO groups (Table 5 and Figure 1), which was in agreement with previous results that high-fat diets trigger lipid accumulation [40,41]. Immoderately high lipid in the diet usually results in the excessive accumulation of lipid in the tissue of fish and probably caused fatty liver disease [42,43] and these results have also been previously reported in blunt snout bream [41], common carp [40,44], tilapia [45], and grass carp [46,47]. Although the present addition of PASO in normal-or high-lipid diets showed no significant effect on the lipid accumulation in the hepatopancreas of grass carp, the PASO group showed significantly reduced adipocyte size under a two-way ANOVA analysis (Figure 2b).…”

Effects of Thyroid Powder on Tadpole (Lithobates catesbeiana) Metamorphosis and Growth: The Role of Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota

“…Gut microbiota have been shown to regulate lipid metabolism in animals [37]. Mediumchain fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids produced by gut microbiota from diet can affect lipid metabolism and inflammation via the PPARα, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways or binding some receptors [38][39][40].…”