Dietary Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Julin, Bettina; Wolk, Alicja; Bergkvist, Leif; Bottai, Matteo; Åkesson, Agneta

doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0735

Cited by 159 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Comparing the highest quartile with the lowest, the OR for breast cancer among Long Island women was 2.69 (95% 1.07-6.78) while the OR among women in the NHANES was 2.50 (95% 1.11-5.63). In support of a causal role for cadmium exposure in breast cancer, Julin et al (2012a) reported that dietary cadmium intake was positively associated with overall breast cancer in the 12.2-yr cohort of 55,987 postmenopausal Swedish women. Comparing the highest tertile with the lowest tertile of dietary cadmium intake, rate ratio (RR) for all-type breast cancer was 1.27 (95% CI, 1.07-1.50) and RR for ER (+) tumors was 1.25 (95% CI, 1.03-1.52).…”

Section: Metallothionein Sequestration and Cadmium's Long Half-lifementioning

confidence: 98%

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Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Satarug

2012

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Many decades after an outbreak of severe cadmium poisoning, known as Itai-itai disease, cadmium continues to pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. This review provides an update on the effects of this environmental toxicant cadmium, observed in numerous populations despite modest exposure levels. In addition, it describes the current knowledge on the link between heme catabolism and glycolysis. It examines novel functions of heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) that protect against type 2-diabetes and obesity, which have emerged from diabetic/obese phenotypes of the HO-2 knockout mouse model. Increased cancer susceptibility in type-2 diabetes has been noted in several large cohorts. This is a cause for concern, given the high prevalence of type-2 diabetes worldwide. A lifetime exposure to cadmium is associated with pre-diabetes, diabetes, and overall cancer mortality with sex-related differences in specific types of cancer. Liver and kidney are target organs for the toxic effects of cadmium. These two organs are central to the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Further, inhibition of gluconeogenesis is a known effect of heme, while cadmium has the propensity to alter heme catabolism. This raises the possibility that cadmium may mimic certain HO-2 deficiency conditions, resulting in diabetic symptoms. Intriguingly, evidence has emerged from a recent study to suggest the potential interaction and co-regulation of HO-2 with the key regulator of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4). HO-2 could thus be critical to a metabolic switch to cancer-prone cells because the enzyme PFKFB and glycolysis are metabolic requirements for cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis.

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Section: Metallothionein Sequestration and Cadmium's Long Half-lifementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Breast cancer, Sweden (Julin et al 2012a), prospective, 55,987 postmenopausal women, 12.2-yrs observation.…”

Section: Metallothionein Sequestration and Cadmium's Long Half-lifementioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Roles of Cadmium and Heme Oxygenase in Type-2 Diabetes and Cancer Susceptibility

Satarug

2012

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…One contaminant that has emerged in the literature as being associated with breast cancer risk is cadmium [53][54][55][56][57][58][59], with one study finding a two-fold increase in risk among women in the highest versus lowest quartile of urine cadmium level [56]. Another study found a positive association between dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women [55].…”

Section: Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other potential mechanisms include inhibition of apoptosis or DNA repair, increased oxidative stress, or action as a metalloestrogen [55,57].…”

Section: Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, most exposure likely comes in the form of dietary consumption and exposure from use in fertilizers, sewage processing, and metal processing industries [54,55]. There is some evidence that African Americans have higher cadmium exposure, as one study found higher urinary cadmium concentrations among African American men and women than among white Americans and Mexican Americans, though the finding was only statistically significant for African American women compared with women of other ethnic groups [61].…”

Section: Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural and Environmental Factors of Triple-Negative Breast Carcinomas

Whitesell¹,

Al-Najar²,

Bowser³

et al. 2014

CRJ

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Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the world. The triple-negative breast cancer subtype is associated with poorer prognosis than hormone receptor-positive subtypes and is more prevalent among African Americans than white, European Americans. The goal of this study has been to elucidate environmental, hormonal, and cultural factors that may be contributing to this disparity in an effort to identify modifiable risk factors and improve triple-negative breast cancer outcomes. Factors that may impact risk include vitamin D defiency, hormonal factors, environmental and dietary exposure, radiation exposure, and obesity. These factors may disproportionately affect African American women as a result of socioeconomic status, lifestyle, and cultural norms. Furthermore, disparities in prognosis may be compounded by barriers such as access to healthcare, prevention education, and perceptions of healthcare. Both biological and sociocultural factors impacting risk must be addressed in order for future prevention and treatment efforts to succeed.

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