“…When the liver is damaged, the normal structure of liver cells is disrupted, leading to a significant increase in ALT and AST levels in the blood. In poultry, elevated levels of LDL-C indicate disturbances in lipid metabolism, which may contribute to the occurrence of metabolic-related diseases [47] ; HDL-C, as it aids in the removal of LDL-C from the body and transports it to the liver for metabolism, is generally considered "good cholesterol" [48] . In this study, we observed that the AST concentration was significantly lower in the LRFI group than in the HRFI group, while the HDL-C content was significantly higher in the LRFI group.…”