Dietary Carbohydrate and Protein Levels Affect the Growth Performance of Juvenile Peanut Worm (Sipunculus nudus): An LC–MS-Based Metabolomics Study

Abstract

The peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) is an economically important fishery resource in China. To determine how dietary carbohydrate and protein levels affect the growth performance of juvenile S. nudus and identify the mechanisms underlying observed patterns, five isoenergetic and isolipidic diets with different levels of carbohydrate and protein were formulated and fed to juvenile S. nudus; the experimental groups were referred to as EG1, EG2, EG3, EG4, and EG5, respectively. After 90 days of feeding, S. nudus had significantly lower survival rates when fed D5 compared with other diets (P < 0.05), and the highest survival rate was observed in EG2 individuals. The weight gain rate and specific growth rate were significantly higher in EG2 compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Metabolomic profiling using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 83 significantly differential metabolites (POS: 59; NEG: 24), which were identified via an in-house MS2 database. Pathway analysis indicated that the significantly different metabolites were involved in 22 metabolic pathways (POS: 9; NEG: 13), including tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; D-glutamate and D-glutamine metabolism; proline and arginine metabolism; aspartate, alanine, and glutamate metabolism; and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. These analyses implied that the biosynthetic capabilities of juvenile S. nudus were greater in the EG2. The results of this research enhance our understanding of the effects of dietary carbohydrate and protein levels on the growth performance of juvenile S. nudus.

Analysis of body color formation of leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus

“…Diverse phenotype traits of animals are reported that they are regulated by transcripts and metabolites and metabolome sequencing analyses could obtain different or additional information for phenotypic diversity (Yang et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2021). Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses have been utilized in numerous species such as Coilia nasus (Xu et al, 2016), Pinctada fucata martensii (Zhang et al, 2021), and Eriocheir sinensis (Wang et al, 2021) to analyze for phenotypic differences.…”

Metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling reveals the effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth performance in loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus)

“…ARG regulates L-arginine to produce ornithine and urea. Ornithine is a precursor of polyamines, a vital substance for regulating cell growth and promoting cell proliferation ( 41 ). As an intermediate of the urea cycle, L-arginine can alleviate ammonia poisoning with the urea cycle and avoid metabolic disorders caused by excess ammonia ( 42 ).…”

“…As an intermediate of the urea cycle, L-arginine can alleviate ammonia poisoning with the urea cycle and avoid metabolic disorders caused by excess ammonia ( 42 ). Additionally, L-arginine can be used for ribosomal synthetic proteins ( 41 , 43 ). On the other hand, studies have found that dietary protein content significantly affects amino acid metabolism ( 44 ).…”

Insights into the bacterial community compositions of peanut worm (Sipunculus nudus) and their association with the surrounding environment

“…In this study, bacterial community functions related to metabolism were dominant in different surrounding environment (48.68%-50.47%) and mainly included amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. This result may be related to the need of S. nudus to exhibit a high anabolic capacity to obtain sufficient energy for maintaining normal development of the organism (Yang et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2021).…”