Dietary Cholesterol Intake and Sources among U.S Adults: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 2001–2014

Abstract

The 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that individuals should minimize their dietary cholesterol intake. However, current dietary cholesterol intake and its food sources have not been well-characterized. We examined dietary cholesterol intake by age, sex, race, and food sources using 24-h dietary recall data from a nationally representative sample of 5047 adults aged 20 years or older who participated in NHANES (2013–2014 survey cycle). We also reported trends in cholesterol intake across the past seven NHANES surveys. Mean dietary cholesterol intake was 293 mg/day (348 mg/day for men and 242 mg/day for women) in the 2013–2014 survey cycle; 39% of adults had dietary cholesterol intake above 300 mg/day (46% for men and 28% for women). Meat, eggs, grain products, and milk were the highest four food sources of cholesterol, contributing to 96% of the total consumption. Both average cholesterol intake and food source varied by age, sex, and race (each p < 0.05). Mean cholesterol intake of the overall population had been relatively constant at ~290 mg/day from 2001–2002 to 2013–2014 (p-trend = 0.98). These results should inform public health efforts in implementing dietary guidelines and tailoring dietary recommendations.

Longitudinal and nonlinear relations of dietary and Serum cholesterol in midlife with cognitive decline: results from EMCOA study

“…Higher consumption may correspond to the descending part of the curve while lower consumption may fell on the ascending part of the curve. Taking into consideration that dietary cholesterol intake increased dramatically in both Americans [30] and Chinese [31] and eggs were a major source of dietary cholesterol, a more cautious approach to dietary cholesterol and egg intake should be considered even though American and Chinese Dietary Guidelines dropped the recommendation on the cholesterol intake limit [32].…”

Meat, Meat Products and Seafood as Sources of Energy and Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet

“…In the case of the food products, the main sources of cholesterol were processed meat products (12.3%), chicken (10.4%) and pork (7.7%). Other findings (2011–2014 NHANES) indicated that meat contributed 42% to the total cholesterol intake (12% for poultry, 12% for mixed dishes, 8% for red meat, 5% for processed meat and 5% for seafood) [ 105 ]. For SFA, meats and seafood contributed 30.3% to the average Polish diet as compared to 29% reported in the average Australian diet according to the 2011–2012 NNPAS [ 37 ].…”

Cholesterol Metabolism by Uncultured Human Gut Bacteria Influences Host Cholesterol Level

“…The cholesterol synthesized in hepatocytes is transported to the gallbladder and is then secreted into the small intestine along with other bile salts. In the intestine, biliary cholesterol (~1–2 g/day) mixes with dietary cholesterol (~0.2–0.4 g/day in the average American diet), and both sources are eventually transported into enterocytes for packaging into lipoprotein particles and secretion into the plasma ( Bays et al., 2008 , Chiang, 2009 , Cohen, 2008 , Xu et al., 2018 ). Hypercholesterolemia, or high circulating cholesterol, is strongly associated with the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the cause of one-fourth of all deaths in industrialized countries ( Goldstein and Brown, 2015 , Nordestgaard and Varbo, 2014 , Rader and Hovingh, 2014 ).…”