Dietary Cinnamaldehyde Enhances Growth Performance, Digestion, Immunity, and Lipid Metabolism in Juvenile Fat Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii)

Abstract

Fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) is a kind of economic fish that is widely consumed by human, and its intensive farming technology is making important progress. However, high-density farming may cause the occurrence of diseases in H. otakii. Cinnamaldehyde (CNE) is a new feed additive for aquatic animals and has a positive effect on disease resistance. In the study, dietary CNE was evaluated on the growth performance, digestion, immune response, and lipid metabolism of juvenile H. otakii ( 6.21 ± 0.19 g). Six experimental diets were formulated containing CNE at levels of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg for 8 weeks. The percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), survival (SR), and feeding rate (FR) were significantly increased by including CNE in fish diets regardless of the inclusion level ( P < 0.05 ). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly decreased among the groups fed CNE supplemented diets ( P < 0.05 ). A significant decrease in hepatosomatic index (HSI) was observed in fish fed 400 mg/kg-1000 mg/kg CNE compared to the control diet ( P < 0.05 ). Fish-fed diets containing 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg CNE had a higher level of crude protein in muscles than the control diet ( P < 0.05 ). Moreover, the activities of lipase (LPS) and pepsin (PEP) in the intestinal were markedly increased in juvenile H. otakii-fed dietary CNE ( P < 0.05 ). Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, and lipid was significantly increased with CNE supplement ( P < 0.05 ). The activities of catalase (CAT) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the liver were markedly enhanced by including CNE in juvenile H. otakii diets compared with the control ( P < 0.05 ). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in the liver were markedly enhanced in juvenile H. otakii treated with CNE supplements 400 mg/kg-1000 mg/kg ( P < 0.05 ). Additionally, the levels of total protein (TP) in the serum were markedly increased by including CNE in juvenile H. otakii diets compared with the control ( P < 0.05 ). In the CNE200, CNE400, and CNE600 groups, albumin (ALB) levels in the serum were markedly higher compared with that in the control ( P < 0.05 ). In the CNE200 and CNE400 groups, the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum were significantly increased compared with that the control group ( P < 0.05 ). The juvenile H. otakii-fed dietary CNE had lower triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TCHO) levels in the serum than fish-fed CNE-free diets ( P < 0.05 ). The gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) in the liver was significantly increased by including CNE in fish diets regardless of the inclusion level ( P < 0.05 ). However, fatty acid synthase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACCα) in the liver were markedly decreased with CNE supplements 400 mg/kg-1000 mg/kg ( P < 0.05 ). The glucose-6-phosphate1-dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene expression levels in the liver were markedly decreased compared with the control ( P < 0.05 ). The optimal supplementation level of CNE was shown by curve equation analysis to be 590.90 mg/kg.

The potential of a combination of pungent spices as a novel supplement in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) diets to aid in the strategic use of fish oil in aquafeeds: a holistic perspective

“…In the case of cinnamaldehyde, despite the absence of differences in the growth of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) when supplementing the diets with this active principle (1 and 2 mL/kg) reported by Amer et al. ( 71 ), many studies have demonstrated its potential in improving growth performance in different fish species, such as Nile tilapia, grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ), tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ), and fat greenling ( Hexagrammos otakii ) ( 72 – 75 ).…”

“…( 20 ) when supplementing gilthead seabream diets with 0.1% and 0.15% of this additive during winter. While none of the aforementioned studies testing the effect of capsicum in fish diets described an amelioration of FCR ( 56 , 58 – 60 ), some of the works with black pepper or ginger and many of those with cinnamaldehyde supplementation did ( 63 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 75 ). Therefore, the decrease in FCR in fish fed the SPICY 0.1% diet might be partly attributed to the active principles of ginger and black pepper and to cinnamaldehyde or to the synergetic effect of the four spices present in the tested product.…”

Dietary artemisinin boosts intestinal immunity and healthy in fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii)

“…The quantitative real- time PCR analysis was conducted based on the study of Zhou et al. ( 28 ). In brief, RNA was extract ed from the intestinal tract of H. otakii at −80°C using the Trizol method ( 29 ).…”