Dietary Determinants of Anemia in Children Aged 6–36 Months: A Cross-Sectional Study in Indonesia

Abstract

Anemia has been acknowledged as worldwide problem, including in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study aims to explore dietary determinants as risk factors for anemia in children aged 6–36 months living in a poor urban area of Jakarta. The study was done in Kampung Melayu sub-district in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data was collected within two weeks in September–October 2020. A structured questionnaire for a 24-h recall and a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were used to collect the dietary intake data, and venous blood was withdrawn to determine the hemoglobin levels. Bivariate chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests were executed to explore the dietary determinant factors for anemia. We recruited 180 subjects. The average hemoglobin concentration was 11.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL; the anemia prevalence was 29.4%. The following variables were significantly associated with higher risk of anemia: no cow’s milk formula consumption, inadequate intake of fats, protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. Only cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake were revealed as the determinant factors of anemia. In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia was 29.4% among children aged 6–36 months old. Anemia was significantly associated with two dietary determinants as risk factors that are cow’s milk formula consumption and zinc intake.

Anemia Among Children Under 5 Years in India: A District-Level Spatial Analysis Using NFHS-5 Data

“…In addition to vitamin A, inadequate intake of fats, protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 was also found to have significant association with higher risk of anemia. 16 The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in India declined from 57.9% to 50.3% as per NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 reports. Nonetheless, the uptake of IFA supplementation for 100 days of pregnancy improved by only 15%, over the course of the decade.…”

“…In addition to vitamin A, inadequate intake of fats, protein, calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 was also found to have significant association with higher risk of anemia. 16…”

“…Primary and Secondary SaTScan Analysis Result of Children Aged 6 to 59 Months Who Are Anemic. ,30, 35, 29, 54, 55, 57, 42, 31, 50, 39, 36, 28, 56, 41, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40,14,17,18,19,25,24,23, 34,16,20,15,22,21, 44, 43, 221, 53, 67, 68, 92, 227, 91, 229, 242, 49, 77, 94, 65, 231, 230, 61, 237, 223, 241, 45, 222, 234, 46, 238, 93, 62, 52, 228, 209, 232, 99, 218, 235, 225, 63, 236, 47, 69, 246, 351, 75, 216, 64, 233, 245, 226, 60, 224, 219, 74, 76, 344, 243, 350, 72, 169, 239, 212, 164,357, 220, 48, 240, 168, 377, 66, 89, 244, 73, 340, 211, 71, 180, 165, 215, 359, 210, 353, 355, 349, 217, 70, 247, 90, 58, 335, 182, 59, 331, 95, 354, 181, 342, 361, 178, 339, 363, 174, 347, 167, 173, 362, 674, 341, 186, 332, 356, 446, 170, 376, 343, 172, 360, 424, 675, 676, 366, 429, 171, 443 …”

Physical Home Food Environment And Its Correlation With Iron And Vitamin C Intake Of Children In Pejagalan

“…Insuffi cient iron in the diet, along with defi cits in other nutrients including lipids, protein, and vitamin C, can lead to iron defi ciency anemia (IDA). The substantial correlation between insuffi cient dietary vitamin C consumption and anemia may have a potential explanation in the fact that vitamin C is known to aid the conversion of ferric ion to ferrous, which is a form of ferric that is more readily absorbed by the body (Sunardi et al, 2021). Therefore, getting enough vitamin C through food is helpful in protecting prevent anemia.…”

Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood

“…In a cross-sectional study by Sunardi et al, in a sample of 180 children aged 6-36 months living in a poor urban area of Jakarta, results from a nutritional survey detected two dietary determinants as risk factors for anaemia, that there was no cow's milk formula consumption, and an inadequate zinc intake [22].…”