Dietary exposure and health risk characterization of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in food from different provinces in Northern Vietnam

Huu, Tuan; Tran, Cao-Son; Le, Chi Dinh; Nguyen, Ha-Binh Thi; Le, Phuong-Thao Thi; Le, Hong-Hao Thi; Le, Tuyen; Thai-Nguyen, Hung-Thu

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107108

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The tables show that peanut/groundnut and maize are the most highly and frequently contaminated crops, whereas millet and rice are generally less contaminated, although not always with safe levels. For example, despite the generally low AFB1 contamination of rice in three provinces of Vietnam (Table 6 and Supplementary Table S3), risk assessment associated with AFB1 in rice was higher than that recorded in other Asian countries (Thailand, Japan and Hing-Kong), and was particularly high for the population of Ha Giang province (21 cases of liver cancer per 100,000 people and per year in adults) [81]. This was related to the high average consumption of rice in Vietnam, which ranges, for adults, between 244.4 and 300.5 g/day [81].…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…For example, despite the generally low AFB1 contamination of rice in three provinces of Vietnam (Table 6 and Supplementary Table S3), risk assessment associated with AFB1 in rice was higher than that recorded in other Asian countries (Thailand, Japan and Hing-Kong), and was particularly high for the population of Ha Giang province (21 cases of liver cancer per 100,000 people and per year in adults) [81]. This was related to the high average consumption of rice in Vietnam, which ranges, for adults, between 244.4 and 300.5 g/day [81]. The climates that predominate in AEZs where the highest aflatoxin levels were recorded are warm arid and semi-arid, tropical, or subtropical or irrigated desert [75] (see also, Tables 5 and 6; and Supplementary Materials in Tables S2 and S3 for details).…”

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

192

112

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This review aims to update the main aspects of aflatoxin production, occurrence and incidence in selected countries, and associated aflatoxicosis outbreaks. Means to reduce aflatoxin incidence in crops were also presented, with an emphasis on the environmentally-friendly technology using atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are unavoidable widespread natural contaminants of foods and feeds with serious impacts on health, agricultural and livestock productivity, and food safety. They are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species distributed on three main sections of the genus (section Flavi, section Ochraceorosei, and section Nidulantes). Poor economic status of a country exacerbates the risk and the extent of crop contamination due to faulty storage conditions that are usually suitable for mold growth and mycotoxin production: temperature of 22 to 29 °C and water activity of 0.90 to 0.99. This situation paralleled the prevalence of high liver cancer and the occasional acute aflatoxicosis episodes that have been associated with these regions. Risk assessment studies revealed that Southeast Asian (SEA) and Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries remain at high risk and that, apart from the regulatory standards revision to be more restrictive, other actions to prevent or decontaminate crops are to be taken for adequate public health protection. Indeed, a review of publications on the incidence of aflatoxins in selected foods and feeds from countries whose crops are classically known for their highest contamination with aflatoxins, reveals that despite the intensive efforts made to reduce such an incidence, there has been no clear tendency, with the possible exception of South Africa, towards sustained improvements. Nonetheless, a global risk assessment of the new situation regarding crop contamination with aflatoxins by international organizations with the required expertise is suggested to appraise where we stand presently.

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Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Crop Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Benkerroum

2020

IJERPH

192

112

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“…According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), AFB 1 is classified as group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). Human exposure to aflatoxin B 1 is especially dangerous in populations with a high rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV), because it is estimated that the risk of liver cancer from AFB 1 exposure in HBV-positive people is 30 times higher than in the HBV-negative [35]. It is considered that AFB 1 causes up to 28% of worldwide cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most frequent form of liver cancer [57].…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The European Commission established a maximum limit of OTA at 5 ng/kg in coffee beans, 10 ng/kg in instant coffee, 0.5 µg/kg in cereal-based food for infants and children, and 2 µg/kg in wines [33,34]. Furthermore, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has set the provisional maximum endurable consumption of OTA at 0.1 µg/kg b. w. per week [35].…”

Section: Ochratoxin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical structure is characterized by a hydroxyl (OH) group at the C-3 position, acetyloxy (-OCOCH3) groups at C-4 and C-15 positions, an atom of hydrogen at C-7 position, and an ester-linked isovaleryl [OCOCH2CH(CH3)2] group at the C-8 position (Figure 3) [37,97]. Food Additives (JECFA) has set the provisional maximum endurable consumption of OTA at 0.1 μg/kg b. w. per week [35].…”

Section: T-2 Toxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins—A Serious Problem for Human Health

Janik

Niemcewicz

Ceremuga

et al. 2020

IJMS

132

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Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolities formed by a variety of fungi (moulds) species. Hundreds of potentially toxic mycotoxins have been already identified and are considered a serious problem in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. A large number of food-related products and beverages are yearly contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in economic welfare losses. Mycotoxin indoor environment contamination is a global problem especially in less technologically developed countries. There is an ongoing effort in prevention of mould growth in the field and decontamination of contaminated food and feed in order to protect human and animal health. It should be emphasized that the mycotoxins production by fungi (moulds) species is unavoidable and that they are more toxic than pesticides. Human and animals are exposed to mycotoxin via food, inhalation, or contact which can result in many building-related illnesses including kidney and neurological diseases and cancer. In this review, we described in detail the molecular aspects of main representatives of mycotoxins, which are serious problems for global health, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone.

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A high‐performance method for quantitation of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2: Full validation for raisin, peanut matrices, and survey of related products at Ho Chi Minh City

Nguyen,

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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Optimization and validation for simultaneous quantitation of four aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in peanuts and raisins were performed on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography in a combination of fluorescence detector, without derivatization. The advantages were short analysis time, simple sample handling, and reduced solvent consumption. Instrument detection limits of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2 were 0.07, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.008 μg/kg, respectively, lower than those obtained by LCMSMS and HPLC‐FLD with derivatization. Two solvent mixtures were chosen for two different matrices whose matrix effect was not negligible (2.81%–8.04% for peanuts and 5.63%–11.43% for raisins). The linear ranges were from 0.2 to 20 μg/L for AFB1 and AFG1 and from 0.05 to 5 μg/L for AFB2 and AFG2. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.025–0.1 and 0.075–0.3 μg/kg for peanuts and raisins, respectively. Recoveries at three other concentrations from 0.75 to 125 μg/kg of total aflatoxins were obtained between 76.5% and 99.8% (with RSD < 6%) following the SANTE 11312/2021. Validation parameters complied with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The extracts and the sample could be stabilized at 4°C and 20°C for 24 h and at −20°C for up to 21 days, respectively. Thus, the study can be used as a standard method for the analysis of Aflatoxins (AFs) in peanut and raisin matrices. Investigation of 350 peanut samples collected at Markets in the central districts of HCM city showed that 28.6% were contaminated with AFB1 from 0.31 up to 554 μg/kg; 13.4% contained AFB2, and 5.7% of AFG1 in the range of 0.4–53 μg/kg and 0.4–9.57 μg/kg, respectively; AFG2 (about 0.6%) was detected from 0.45 to 0.75 μg/kg. Meanwhile, 12.8% exceeded the total aflatoxins limit, and 13.4% exceeded the AFB1 limit. AFs were almost not found in the 350 raisin samples.

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Dietary exposure and health risk characterization of aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, and zearalenone in food from different provinces in Northern Vietnam

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Aflatoxins: Producing-Molds, Structure, Health Issues and Incidence in Southeast Asian and Sub-Saharan African Countries

Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins—A Serious Problem for Human Health

A high‐performance method for quantitation of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2: Full validation for raisin, peanut matrices, and survey of related products at Ho Chi Minh City

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