Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants correlates with male blood levels in a selected group of Norwegians with a wide range of seafood consumption

Knutsen, Helle Katrine; Kvalem, Helen Engelstad; Thomsen, Cathrine; Frøshaug, May; Haugen, Margaretha; Alexander, Jan; Meltzer, Helle Margrete

doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700096

Cited by 126 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…These correlations all fall into a range that is considered a moderate but acceptable measure of association for use in comparing dietary intake with blood concentration [25]. They are also stronger than the correlations found between dietary intakes and blood concentrations of PBDEs in the same study [26]. In relation to PCA, we identified four characteristic dietary patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure

Kvalem

Knutsen

Thomsen

et al. 2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Dietary patterns were related to intake and blood concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and selected non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs). Intake calculations were based on an extensive food frequency questionnaire and a congener-specific database on concentrations in Norwegian foods. The study (2003) applied a two-step inclusion strategy recruiting representative (n=73) and high consumers (n=111) of seafood and game. Estimated median intakes of sum PCDD/PCDFs and dl-PCBs of the representative and high consumers were 0.78 and 1.25 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated median intakes of ndl-PCBs (sum chlorinated biphenyl (CB)-28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) were 4.26 and 6.40 ng/kg bw/day. The median blood concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs/dl-PCBs were 28.7 and 35.1 pg TEQ/g lipid, and ndl-PCBs (sum of CB-101, 138, 153 and 180) 252 and 299 ng/g lipid. The Spearman correlations between dietary intake and serum concentration were r=0.34 (p=0.017) for dl-compounds and r=0.37 (p<0.001) for ndl-PCBs. Oily fish was the major source of dl-compounds and ndl-PCBs in high and representative consumers. Four dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Two were related to high intakes, one dominated by oily fish ((Omega-3)), the other by fish liver and seagull eggs ("northern coastal"). Only the latter was closely associated with high blood concentrations of dioxins and PCBs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…This may be caused by relatively high-fish consumption (62 g/day on average for representative consumers) [26]. In a market-basket study from Sweden, where food contamination is comparable with Norway but fish consumption is lower, fish contributed 32% to dl-compounds (TEQ) and 57% to ndl-PCBs [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure

Kvalem

Knutsen

Thomsen

et al. 2009

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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“…Thus, fatty foods of animal origin are probably a major source of human exposure. Dietary intake estimates of PBDE in Sweden [11], Finland [12], Spain [13], Belgium [14], UK [15], USA [16] and Norway [17] range from about 23 to 107 ng/day. Seafood was found to be the main dietary source in Norway, Finland and Spain, while in the USA, meat was the major source to the dietary intake of PBDE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum

Thomsen

Knutsen

Liane

et al. 2008

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

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Very high concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been reported in fish from Lake Mjøsa in Norway. This study was performed to examine the serum concentrations of PBDE and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in consumers of fish from this lake and to investigate possible relationships between serum concentrations, self-reported fish intake and calculated total dietary PBDE exposure. Serum concentrations of the sum of the seven PBDE (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183) were significantly higher than those of a reference group of Norwegians eating only food with background levels of contamination (medians: 18 ng/g lipids men, 8.4 ng/g lipids women). The median dietary intake of Sum 7 PBDE was 2549 ng/day (30 ng/kg body weight/day), the highest dietary intake of PBDE reported. The contribution from fish caught from the contaminated lake comprised 98.7% of the total dietary exposure. For men, serum levels of PBDE were strongly correlated with the calculated dietary exposure, except for BDE-209. This suggests that sources other than the diet are important for human BDE-209 exposure. The median serum HBCD concentration was 4.1 and 2.6 ng/g lipids for men and women, respectively, and was also found to be associated with consumption of fish from Lake Mjøsa.

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“…per day. Knutsen et al, (2008) estimated the dietary exposure to HBCDD (sum of α-, β-and γ-HBCDD) in a group of Norwegians (n=184) with a wide range of seafood consumption by use of a food frequency questionnaire covering the previous year and occurrence data from national food monitoring surveys. The mean (range) LB dietary exposure was estimated at 0.33 (0.06-1.35) ng/kg b.w.…”

Section: Previously Reported Data On Dietary Hbcdd Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…All food samples were collected in 1999 in Sweden. Knutsen et al (2008) performed an analysis of HBCDDs in fish, meat and dairy products in Norway.…”

Section: Food Samples Other Than Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in Food

Alexander¹,

Benford²,

Boobis³

et al. 2011

EFS2

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EFSA was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs are additive flame retardants primarily used in expanded and extruded polystyrene applied as construction and packing materials, and in textiles. Technical HBCDD predominantly consists of three stereoisomers (α-, β-and γ-HBCDD). Also δ-and ε-HBCDD may be present but at very low concentrations. HBCDDs are present in the environment and likewise in biota and in food and feed. Data from the analysis of HBCDDs in 1,914 food samples were provided to EFSA by seven European countries, covering the period from 2000 to 2010. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) selected α-, β-and γ-HBCDD to be of primary interest. Since all toxicity studies were carried out with technical HBCDD, a risk assessment of individual stereoisomers was not possible. Main targets were the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive, nervous and immune systems. HBCDDs are not genotoxic. The CONTAM Panel identified neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour as the critical endpoint, and derived a benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10 % (BMDL 10 ) of 0.79 mg/kg body weight. Due to the limitations and uncertainties in the current data base, the CONTAM Panel concluded that it was inappropriate to use this BMDL to establish a health based guidance value, and instead used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the health risk assessment of HBCDDs. Since elimination characteristics of HBCDDs in animals and humans differ, the Panel used the body burden as starting point for the MOE approach. The CONTAM Panel concluded that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs in the European Union does not raise a health concern. Also additional exposure, particularly of young children, to HBCDDs from house dust is unlikely to raise a health concern. 4 The term "intra-individual" has been replaced by "individual" in the Summary and in Chapter 9.1. HBCDDs in FoodEFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2296 2 KEY WORDSHexabromocyclododecanes, HBCDDs, occurrence, food, toxicology, human exposure, risk assessment SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs are stereoisomers of 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane. Technical HBCDD predominantly consists of three stereoisomers (α-, β-and γ-HBCDD) present in relative amounts of 9-13 % α-HBCDD, <0.5-12 % β-HBCDD and 72-90 % γ-HBCDD. Also δ-and ε-HBCDD may be present in the technical product, although at very low concentrations. The HBCDD stereoisomers occur as enantiomer pairs.HBCDDs constitute an important and widely used group of additive flame retardants primarily used in expanded and extruded polystyrene applied as construction and packing materials, and also used in textiles. Concentrations in products are usually in the range between 0.7 % and 3.0 % by weight. As they are mixed into po...

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Dietary exposure to brominated flame retardants correlates with male blood levels in a selected group of Norwegians with a wide range of seafood consumption

Cited by 126 publications

References 33 publications

Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure

Role of dietary patterns for dioxin and PCB exposure

Consumption of fish from a contaminated lake strongly affects the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in serum

Scientific Opinion on Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in Food

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