Dietary Factors and Changes in Blood Pressure in Adult Kazakhs: A 3-year Follow-Up Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND: As in the world and Kazakhstan’s clinical protocols for the treatment of AH, it is proposed to limit the intake of salt to <5 g/day and alcohol as a dietary therapy, as well as an increase in the consumption of vegetables, fresh fruits, fish, nuts, and sources of unsaturated fatty acids, to reduce the consumption of meat as a source of saturated fatty acids (SFA); consumption of low-fat dairy products. However, it remains unclear how the traditional diet of Kazakhs, which is dominated by sources of carbohydrates and fats with its subspecies, affects the development of AD in the Kazakh population. Local epidemiological and clinical data are required for the successful work of doctors with the population in the prevention of diseases of the blood circulatory system and the creation of clinical recommendations. AIM: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate an influence of fats, its subspecies, and carbohydrates on BP change after 3-year observation of adult Kazakhs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There is described data of 96 individuals of the Kazakh population recruited by the cluster method, living in Aktobe, the Republic of Kazakhstan. Clusters were 14 polyclinics in Aktobe, of which three outpatient municipal polyclinics were randomly selected, each of which had one attached site. From the list of attached adults, also randomly selected 96 people without a history of cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Average age of participants of the study was 61.9 ± 10.8. None of the participants had a special diets or food restrictions for health reasons or personal beliefs. Body mass index was 27.1 ± 8.4. The over half of the study participants practice on smoking. The average level of SBP in the study’s participants was initially 124.6 mmHg, after 3 years, it increased by an average of 8.6 mmHg and became 133.2, the average level of DBP was 82.2 mmHg, which became higher by 6.2 mmHg and became 88.4 mmHg. According to the regression analysis, higher consumption of carbohydrates, MUFAs, SFAs, and total fats increased SBP by 9.3, 12.3, 46.1, and 5.3 mmHg, respectively. However, with the use of PUFAs, an inverse relationship was found, an increase in PUFA sources in the diet by 100 g reduces SBP by 43.3 mmHg. An effect of all nutrients was not significantly reduced at 3 years on SBP when adjusted for age, sex, and waist circumference. CONCLUSION: In accordance with the performed analysis in this cohort of subjects, that a significant percentage of these people are overweight or obese, the diet of the Kazakh population does not differ from the eating habits of residents of other countries. The examined individuals received an excess amount of energy from carbohydrates, fat, and SFA, an irrational diet was significantly correlated with an increase in blood pressure.