Dietary fat and the control of energy intake: evaluating the effects of fat on meal size and postmeal satiety

Abstract

Three separate experiments in lean subjects confirmed that a 1.52-MJ (362-kcal) carbohydrate supplement at breakfast suppressed appetite 90 min later but had no effect on a test meal given after 270 min. A 1.52-MJ (362-kcal) fat supplement produced no detectable action on measures of appetite at any time point. Therefore, fat and carbohydrate do not have identical effects on the appetite profile. In a further study in obese subjects, a novel experimental design was used to assess the satiating efficiency and compensatory response of fat. Eating from a range of either high-fat or high-carbohydrate foods, obese subjects voluntarily consumed twice as much energy from the fat items, thereby indicating a weak action of fat on satiation. In turn, this large intake of fat exerted a disproportionately weak effect on satiety. These studies suggest that the appetite-control system may have only weak inhibitory mechanisms to prevent the passive overconsumption of dietary fat. The results indicate how this action could induce a positive energy balance and lead to a gradual upward drift in body mass index.

Regulation of food intake by oleoylethanolamide

“…Furthermore, if fatty acids directly interact with PPAR-a, they would be expected to exert anorexiant effects similar to those of OEA [27]. In contrast, on a molar basis, fatty acids appear to be weaker than other nutrients at causing such effects [46,47]. Even further, if the role of PPAR-a is to sense fatty-acid flux into cells, then a high-fat diet should trigger PPAR-a activation in tissues containing this receptor.…”

Factors influencing dietary fat intake among black emerging adults

“…They have also reported that high-fat foods inhibit the body's satiety signals, which can lead to overeating and high caloric intake (Blundell et al, 1993;Blundell & Stubbs, 2004;Jebb & Prentice, 2001). Blundell et al (1993) reported, "fat has a weak effect on satiation" (p. 776S).…”

“…They have also reported that high-fat foods inhibit the body's satiety signals, which can lead to overeating and high caloric intake (Blundell et al, 1993;Blundell & Stubbs, 2004;Jebb & Prentice, 2001). Blundell et al (1993) reported, "fat has a weak effect on satiation" (p. 776S). Jebb and Prentice (2001) suggest "dietary fat is associated with passive over-consumption as a consequence of its relatively high energy density and weak effects on both satiation and satiety" (p. 133).…”

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and nutritional counseling in the treatment of bulimia nervosa and binge eating

“…Protein has been shown to be more satiating than carbohydrates over the short-term (Booth, Chase, & Campbell, 1970) and long-term (Johnstone, Harbron, & Stubbs, 1996), and carbohydrates in turn are more satiating than fat (Blundell, Burley, Cotton, & Lawton, 1993). Therefore, although the most outstanding difference between the intake of patients and controls is in the overall amount of food consumed , it may also be useful to examine the pattern of dietary and macronutrient selection of BN patients.`B inge foods'' often consist of dessert and snack foods (Rosen, Leitenberg, Fisher, & Khazam, 1986), high in fat and low in protein.…”

“…As meal size and 24-h caloric intake increase in BN patients, the percentage of consumed fat (the least satiating of the macronutrients, Blundell et al, 1993) increases (Weltzin et al, 1991). In non-bulimic dieters, however, lower dietary fat intake and energy intake was associated with a greater degree of eating pathology (Rock, Demitrack, & Drewnowski, 1996).…”