Dietary Fat Intake and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults

Abstract

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer worldwide. Objective: To assess fat intake in older adults with or without MetS. Design: Cross-sectional nutritional survey in older adults living in the Balearic Islands (n = 477, 48% women, 55–80 years old) with no previous CVD. Methods: Assessment of fat (total fat, MUFA, PUFA, SFA, TFA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, marine and non-marine ω-3 FA, animal fat and vegetable fat, cholesterol) and macronutrient intake using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and its comparison with recommendations of the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC). Results: Participants with MetS showed higher BMI, lower physical activity, higher total fat and MUFA intake, and lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, and fiber than participants without MetS. Men and women with MetS were below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) proposed by IOM for carbohydrates and above the AMDR for total fat and MUFAs, and women were below the AMDR proposed for α-linolenic acid (ALA) compared with participants without MetS. Conclusions: Subjects with MetS were less likely to meet IOM and SENC recommendations for fat and macronutrient intakes as compared to non-MetS subjects.

Dietary Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

“…Thus, dietary intervention based on energy restriction, independently of the distribution of macronutrients, might influence BP and CVD. Accordingly, most scientific evidence highlights the relevance of dietary quality rather than quantity, especially in the management and prevention of MetS [ 8 , 145 , 146 , 147 ]. Moreover, the effectiveness of every dietary intervention is associated with the previous metabolic state (e.g., presence of insulin resistance, T2DM, altered fasting glucose levels, etc.)…”

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition characterized by a clustering of metabolic risk factors, which is defined by the simultaneous occurrence of at least three of the following components: central obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, elevated blood pressure (BP), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), according to the consensual definition of the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [ 4 ]. In developed countries, the prevalence of MetS has risen up to 20–25% in the adult population, and its incidence continues to increase over time [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In Spain, the prevalence of MetS is currently reaching epidemic proportions, affecting approximately 22.7% of the population, taking into account that its incidence increases with age [ 5 ].…”

“…In Spain, the prevalence of MetS is currently reaching epidemic proportions, affecting approximately 22.7% of the population, taking into account that its incidence increases with age [ 5 ]. In addition, MetS increases the risk of T2DM onset and major cardiovascular events by two-fold and five-fold, respectively, and other chronic disease such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the risk of reproductive, lipid and circulatory disorders, atherosclerosis, and all cause-mortality are also increased [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…According to literature, the consumption of specific foods or nutrients is strongly related to the risk of developing MetS [6,7,8,9]. Nutritional epidemiology currently applies dietary patterns to analyze the relation of diet with chronic diseases rather than focusing on individual foods and nutrients [10,11].…”

Comorbidity Risk Score in Association with Cancer Incidence: Results from a Cancer Screenee Cohort

“…In that large population-based prospective study of 405,878 Taiwanese participants, subjects with the highest comorbidity score were associated with 121% of the risk of incident cancer (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.77, 2.75) [ 4 ]. Although dietary behavior was found to play an important role in the development of several chronic diseases and cancer [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], only the assessment of fruit and vegetable intake was included in the study by Tu et al [ 4 ] In this study, we assessed dietary behavior through whole diet consumption instead of a single food item approach. The partial correlation among food groups was accounted for in the data-driven dietary network.…”