Dietary Habits of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Case-Control Study from Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Adults in South Asian countries have high chances of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) as compared to the developed nations. CAD is among the primary non-communicable causes of death in this region. Dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking hypertension, diabetes are considered as important risk factors for CVD. Methods: A case-control study was conducted, with data was collected from the Punjab Institute of Cardiology in Lahore and the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. A total of 500 subjects were selected, of which 250 were coronary artery disease patients and 250 were healthy controls. The CAD patients were selected from the outpatient department (OPD) and emergency unit of the Punjab Institute of Cardiology and the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. Results: The mean age of CAD patients was 57.83 ± 7.51 years and that of the controls was 55.32 ± 6.40 years. There was a significant difference in the mean values of biochemical parameters among cases and controls except for fasting blood sugar levels while there was a significant difference (p-value: 0.000) in the mean values of systolic blood pressure among cases and controls. Similarly, the values of diastolic blood pressure were also significantly different (p-value: 0.000) among cases and controls. The values of total blood cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and HDL were also significantly different among cases and controls. There was a significant relationship between consumption of chicken, eggs, beef, yogurt, junk food, fresh vegetables, and fruits, and incidence of CAD. Consuming milk every day, and consuming fish weekly and consuming ghee had no significant association with the risk of coronary artery disease. On the other hand, from the findings of the unadjusted model, there was a significant association between CAD risk and intake of chicken, beef, egg, yogurt, junk food, fish, vegetables, and fruits. Conclusions: Diet is a risk factor for coronary artery disease and can be adjusted to reduce the risk of CAD. A key finding is that consumption of chicken, beef, eggs and junk food are associated with a high risk of CAD whereas consumption of ghee is not associated with the risk of CAD.

Association between fast-food consumption and the risk of developing coronary heart disease among the male population in Peshawar

“…Regular utilization of fast food might contribute to obesity along with increasing the risk of various systematic diseases affecting various organs [18]. In the current study, the mean age and BMI of the participants who were taking a fast-food were 38.89± 6.89 and 26.14 ±2.87 respectively, while the mean and BMI of those were not consuming them 38.42±7.31 and 25.57± 3.24 accordingly that indicates a clear variation of BMI in both, however, a study conducted by Hanif MK et al reported the same results of difference of BMI among both [19]. The rate of obesity in fast-food users was more common 178 (43.20 %) were obese, while 234 (56.79%) had a normal weight, however, moreover, 5(31.25%) were obese those who were non-consumers of fast food.…”

Epidemiological trend and age-period-cohort effects on cardiovascular disease mortality and disability-adjusted life years attributable to dietary risks and high body mass index at the regional and country level across China and Pakistan

“…A previous study also reported that the Pakistani traditional diet was associated with high cardiovascular risk factors ( 29 ). The majority of Pakistani people eat deep-frying foods and foods high in saturated fats which ultimately increased the risk of CVD ( 30 ).…”

“…On the other hand, the Pakistani population showed a higher risk ratio of premature CVD mortality attributable to dietary risk. Several factors such as malnutrition ( 28 ) poverty and low diet quality ( 29 ) poor dietary habits ( 30 ) and a poor healthcare system ( 57 ) may contribute to the increased risk of diet-related premature CVD mortality in Pakistan.…”

Lipoprotein Oxidation, Genetic Expression and Polymorphism of Apo A and B Gene in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in A Pakistani Punjabi Population

“…This study is designed to investigate the gene expression and the role of APOA1 and B gene polymorphism with CAD and their relationship with oxLDL, oxHDL and lipid profile in the Pakistani Punjabi population. Punjabis are well known for eating a high fat diet and are genetically predisposed to developing CAD (Hanif et al 2022). Although previous literature shown presence of APO gene polymorphism among CAD (Hassan et al 2015;Liu et al 2014;Niu et al 2017), however, in some studies there were no such association (Bogari et al 2015;Casillas-Muñoz et al 2018;Srivastava et al 2013).…”