Dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish reduces CVD risk markers in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women

Abstract

Dietary intervention studies to assess the cardioprotective effects of oily fish are scarce in China. The present study aimed to examine the effects of the oily fish, Norwegian salmon, herring and local farmed pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) on CVD risk markers when included in the Chinese diet. In this 8-week, parallel-arm, randomised intervention study, 126 Chinese women with hypertriacylglycerolaemia, aged 35-70 years, were assigned to four groups to consume an experimental lunch containing 80 g fillets of either one of three oily fish or a mix of commonly eaten meats (pork/chicken/beef/lean fish) for 5 d/week. The results showed that inclusion of the three oily fish significantly increased the intake of n-3 long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) while decreasing the dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Compared to the control group, significant increases of DHA, EPA+DHA and total n-3 PUFA in plasma choline phosphoglyceride were observed in the three oily fish groups. Plasma TAG levels were significantly reduced only in the salmon and herring groups. When compared to the baseline level, the three oily fish diets significantly decreased serum concentrations of TAG, apoB, apoCII and apoCIII, but only the salmon and herring diets significantly lowered TNF-α and raised adiponectin levels in serum. The salmon diet additionally decreased the serum concentration of IL-6. To conclude, dietary inclusion of salmon, herring and pompano as oily fish can effectively increase serum n-3 LC-PUFA content and are associated with favourable biochemical changes in dyslipidaemic middle-aged and elderly Chinese women, and these beneficial effects are mainly associated with n-3 LC-PUFA contents.

Nutrients and contaminants in tissues of five fish species obtained from Shanghai markets: Risk–benefit evaluation from human health perspectives

“…We found that the body structures and chemical compositions of different fish can affect the amounts and the distributions of the contaminants in the fish. In many previous studies it has been found that POPs specifically accumulate in fat-rich tissues (Du et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012b). We found that both the fat contents and POP concentrations were higher in the abdominal fat tissues and livers than in the other tissues.…”

“…China (GB2763-2014). Zhang et al, 2012b). This could be attributed to carnivorous fish being at higher trophic levels than omnivorous and herbivorous fish in natural food chains, and to carnivorous fish usually containing more fat, and therefore accumulating higher concentrations of contaminants, particularly lipophilic POPs, than omnivorous and herbivorous fish.…”

“…In these studies, contaminant concentrations in most economically important fish species were below the regulatory maximum limits, and it was found to be unlikely that normal fish consumption would pose health risks. However, it should be noted that nutrient and contaminant concentrations in fish can be dramatically different in different species and aquatic environments and can vary with the temperature, season, and chemical composition of the fish body (Copat et al, 2012;Du et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2012b;Li et al, 2014). Rigorous surveillance studies and risk-benefit evaluations, tailored to the actual situations in different countries and areas, should therefore be performed regularly.…”

Are we what we eat? Changes to the feed fatty acid composition of farmed salmon and its effects through the food chain

“…Participants eating salmon or taking FO supplements reported less hunger when given an energy-restricted diet. Zhang et al, 2010 Evaluation of the effect of oily fish (salmon) in an Asian diet on Salmon diet increased serum levels of EPA and DHA, and decreased CVD risk markers, including reduced plasma TAG, reduced IL-6 and increased HDL-cholesterol Zhang et al, 2012 Evaluation of the effect of each of three different oily fish (one of them being salmon) in an Asian diet on CVD risk…”

Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease

“…Animal studies established that hepatic ApoCIII expression was suppressed by PPAR ␣ ; PPAR ␣ is activated by fi brates and EPA ( 62,154,155 ). Human studies have established that fatty fi sh consumption or increased RBC C 20-22 3 PUFA content is linked to lower triglycerides and plasma ApoCIII (156)(157)(158). Interestingly, patients homozygous for the T-455C variant in the ApoCIII promoter are poorly responsive to the ApoCIII-lowering effect of 3 PUFA ( 158 ).…”