Dietary Intake In Adult Female Coeliac Disease Patients In Slovenia

Abstract

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess dietary intake of coeliac disease (CD) patients and to determine if they are meeting the dietary reference values for a balanced diet.Subjects/Methods40 women with CD, aged from 23 to 76 participated in our study. Total daily intake was assessed by a three-day food diary. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was calculated using Harris-Benedict equation. Considering physical activity level (PAL) 1.4, the recommended total energy expenditure (TEE) value was determined. The data was evaluated with professional evaluation software Prodi and statistically analysed.Results40 participants returned the food diary. The average energy intake was significantly too low to ensure the meeting of all-day energy needs (p<0.05). The meals contained a recommended proportion of protein, but a statistically significantly higher proportion of fat (p<0.05), lower proportion of carbohydrates and a significantly lower intake of dietary fibre (p<0.05). Regarding macro-, micro- elements and vitamins, there was a significant lack in the intake of calcium and iodine, folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin A (p<0.05), meanwhile iron intake was at the lower limit of the recommended intake, whereas zinc, potassium and vitamin K intake were significantly higher according to the recommended values, but were comparable with the intake of the general population in the Central European area.ConclusionEven in subjects with adequate or low daily energy intake, their meals contained too much fat, too few carbohydrates and dietary fibre as well as inorganic substances. The patients with CD should get regular nutritional monitoring and education on the quality and balance of a gluten-free diet.

Narrative Review: Nutrient Deficiencies in Adults and Children with Treated and Untreated Celiac Disease

“…Due to secondary lactose intolerance, calcium consumption might be low in CD patients. The intake of calcium in CD patients adhering to a GFD failed to achieve recommendations in 12%-78% of adults and in 8%-54% of children, although it has been shown to be similar or above intake-levels in reported reference populations [48,52,99,101,104,[107][108][109][110]113]. Low calcium intake has a negative effect on BMD, which can already be impaired at time of CD diagnosis.…”

Tools Used to Measure the Physical State of Women with Celiac Disease: A Review with a Systematic Approach

“…When making a diagnosis of CD, it is very important to know if the patient suffers from the different symptoms; since studies that diagnose CD are invasive analyses [4,5,9,10,20,22,24,26,27,[30][31][32]37,39,41,43,45,46,[49][50][51]58]. Therefore, before requesting the analyses, it is useful to perform a Celiac Symptom Index test to identify the symptoms apart from the clear use of the clinical history; in this way, a better diagnosis can be made [57].…”

“…In the different studies, factors that help to measure fertility were measured, such as the anti-Müllerian hormone, since we speak of middle-aged adult women [39]. They also used routine physical examinations such as weight [5,7,10,20,26,27,32,51], height [5,7,10,20,26,27,32,51], body mass index (BMI, a formula that uses weight and height) [5,7,10,20,26,27,32,51], fat mass, and energy consumption [4,5], which were compared with their clinical analysis to be able to complement the patient's profile and to make a diagnosis. Analysis of the food consumed can also be found in order to help the patient with his or her nutritional treatment, which is the only known treatment for CD [5].…”

“…Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein found mainly in wheat, barley, and rye, among other contaminated foods like oatmeal) [1][2][3][4]. It is currently estimated that 1% of the world population suffers from CD; it mainly occurs in women, with a probability of 2:1 [3,5].…”

“…Flow diagram of the process of study selection.In 24 of the studies found, they used intestinal biopsy as the main source of diagnosis of celiac disease, followed by blood tests of immunoglobulin A, anti-inflammatory transglutaminase, and Immunoglobulin G[4,5,9,10,13,19,22,24,27,28,[30][31][32][39][40][41]43,45,46,[49][50][51].…”