Dietary intake of Australian smokers and nonsmokers

Abstract

The 1983 National Dietary Survey of Adults and the 1983 Risk Factor Prevalence Survey No. 2, conducted on the same subjects, provided an opportunity to examine the nutrient intakes of smokers (1024 men and 785 women) and nonsmokers (1974 men and 2421 women). The nutrients analysed were energy (kJ); fat (g/day and contribution to energy); starch (contribution to energy); dietary fibre (g/day and g/1000 kJ); alcohol (g/1000 kJ); polpnsaturated/saturated fats ratio; cholesterol, niacin, viramin C, calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium (mg/1000 kJ); and vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin (pg/l000 kJ). For both men and \voinen, nonsmokers have a signif- EPIDEMIOLOGIST -Department of OphthalmologyThe University of Melbourne is an internationally recognised teaching and research institution. Commitment to excellence is demonstrated by innovative academic programs and i t s record as Australia's largest recipient of competitive research funding.The Position: Statistical analysis and interpretation for the Visual Impairment Project, assistance with preparation of competitive grant applications, epidemiologiclbiostatical consultation t o Department members, supervision of Systems Administrator, and development and presentation of scientific papers.The Person: You will have postgraduate qualifications in epidemiology, such as PhD o r medical degree with an MPH, and relevant practical experience, including publication of scientific papers. Proficiency with statistical software packages such as SAS o r SPSS is essential. .Victoria. 3052; fax +61 3 9344 4694 by 30 April 1997. Quote position number BOO05088 and include the names (with phone and facsimile numbers) of three referees in your application.The Position : Statistical analysis and interpretation for the incidence component of the Visual Impairment Project (VIP), a cluster random population study of age-related eye disease in three Victorian cohorts; and development and presentation of scientific papers based on the VIP results.The prospective VIP data will require hierarchical modelling to account for changes in risk factors and outcomes, while controlling for the various sampling fractions and clusters; and to estimate the variances accurately. The Person: You will have a PhD in biostatistics, and relevant practical experience, including publication of scientific papers. Proficiency with statistical s o b a r e packages such as SAS, SPSS o r STATA is essential. The Benefits: Salary $43,042-55 I, I I3 per annum (Research Fellow Grade 2) Duration: I year further appointment is dependent on the successful progress of the study. Contact: Dr. Cathy McCarty Tel +61 3 9665 9564, Fax: +61 3 9662 3859, fax +61 3 9344 4694 by 30 April 1997. Quote position number 800051 10 and include the names (with phone and facsimile numbers) of three referees in your application.

Dietary intake in male and female smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers: The INTERMAP Study

“…An Australian study reported significantly lower intakes of phosphorus and Mg in mg/day in smokers. 19 A study from Italy reported no difference in K intake between smokers and nonsmokers. 21 In INTERMAP, smokers consumed significantly less phosphorus than never smokers for Japanese men and women and UK and US men, while UK and US women who smoked reported nonsignificantly lower intakes.…”

“…Nutrient intakes not included in the metaanalysis that have often been found to differ between smokers and nonsmokers include higher intakes of MUFA, 1,2,5,6,9,10,22,27,34,39,46 lower vitamin A intake, 1,2,5,20,35,36,42,43,45 lower thiamine intake, 1,2,16,19,21,42,45 and lower PFA/ SFA. 15,21,22,26,28,29,31,[37][38][39]46 In INTERMAP, MUFA intake was higher in smokers than never smokers for UK and US women; vitamin A intake was significantly lower for US men and women; thiamine intake was significantly lower for US men and women, the only gender-country subgroups for which it was available; and PFA/SFA was significantly lower in smokers in UK and US men and women.…”

“…Vitamin B 12 intake has generally not varied by smoking status. 1,2,17 Studies that have examined intakes of riboflavin by smoking status have been inconsistent, with higher intakes, 1,2,14 lower intakes, 19,42 and no difference 11,16,21 for smokers compared to nonsmokers reported. Other studies have also reported lower intakes of folate and vitamin B 6 for smokers compared to nonsmokers.…”

Effects of Smoking on Nutrition and Food Consumption

“…Yapılan birçok araştırmada, sigara içen bireylerin, sebze ve meyveleri daha seyrek ve/veya daha az miktarlarda tükettikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. 1,17,[21][22][23][24] Zondervan ve ark. tarafından yapılan çalışmada da sigara içen kadınların düşük dü-zeyde meyve tükettikleri saptanmıştır.…”

“…Sigara içen ve içmeyen bireylerin günlük aldıkları enerji ve besin öğelerinin miktarlarını araştıran birçok çalışmada farklı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. 1,16,[22][23][24]32,33 Ancak bu araştırmalardaki en önemli ortak sonuç, sigara içen bireylerin günlük tükettikleri C vitamini miktarının, sigara içmeyenlere göre daha düşük olmasıdır. Çalışmamızda sigara içen bireyler, içmeyenlere göre daha az sebze ve meyve tü-ketmekte, bunun sonucu daha az C vitamini ve diğer antioksidan besin öğelerini almaktadır.…”