Dietary intake of fats and fatty acids in the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013).SUBJECTS/METHODSTotal fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ≥ 3 years from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food.RESULTSThe mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ≥ 12 years, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ≥ 50 years and aged < 50 years, respectively.CONCLUSIONSEstimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.

Association of dietary intakes of total and subtypes of fat substituted for carbohydrate with metabolic syndrome in Koreans

“…In addition, this is further supported by the observations from KNHANES 2008-2011 that the participants with higher consumptions of eggs, fish, seafood, and milk showed negative association with MetS prevalence (data not shown). According to a study conducted in 2013, egg and milk were known as main contributors to dietary fat and SFA in Koreans aged 30 years and over [34]. Our finding is in line with the results of a randomized cross-over clinical trial that moderate replacement of CHO by dietary fats resulted in lower prevalence of MetS [35].…”

Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017

“…However, Asian adolescents showed rapid increases in dietary fat intake, particularly SFA and MUFA intake. In terms of food sources of fat intake, intake of total fat, SFA, and MUFA in Korean adolescents was mainly from pork, soybean oil, instant noodles, beef, and eggs [10]. Similarly, the food sources of PUFA and n-3 intake were reported as soybean oil, pork, mayonnaise, tofu, and eggs [10].…”

“…In terms of food sources of fat intake, intake of total fat, SFA, and MUFA in Korean adolescents was mainly from pork, soybean oil, instant noodles, beef, and eggs [10]. Similarly, the food sources of PUFA and n-3 intake were reported as soybean oil, pork, mayonnaise, tofu, and eggs [10]. Future studies focusing on changes of food sources of dietary fat in the Korean population will be needed.…”

“…Assessing dietary intake of total fat and fatty acids among adolescents has revealed that adolescents in Asian countries still showed lower intakes of total fat and SFA than in Western countries [10][11][12][13][14]. In terms of changes in dietary fat intake over time, Chinese adolescents showed a rapid increase in dietary fat intake [11] whereas European or U.S. adolescents showed no significant changes in total fat or SFA intake.…”

Associations between the consumption of carbonated beverages and periodontal disease

“…[ 11 , 47 ] Second, the data regarding the history of consumption of carbonated beverages were collected by self-report, and the collection of these data was therefore subject to recall bias and may have been characterized by disparities between data details and the actual history. [ 48 , 49 ] Third, this study used partial-mouth recording protocols of CPI because it was not feasible to conduct the traditional full-mouth examination due to limited resources including manpower, funds, and time. [ 13 , 50 ] and due to the limitation of CPI, the prevalence of periodontal disease has been underestimated.…”