Dietary Intake of Nutrients with Adequate Intake Values in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese

Abstract

SummaryThe Adequate Intake (AI) values in the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) 2010 were mainly determined based on the median intakes from 2 y of pooled data (2005)(2006) from the National Health and Nutrition Survey-Japan (NHNS-J). However, it remains unclear whether 2 y of pooled data from the NHNS-J are appropriate for evaluating the intake of the population. To clarify the differences in nutrient intakes determined from 2 and 7 y of pooled data, we analyzed selected nutrient intake levels by sex and age groups using NHNS-J data. Intake data were obtained from 64,624 individuals (age: 1 y; 47.4% men) who completed a semi-weighed 1-d household dietary record that was part of the NHNS-J conducted annually in Japan from 2003 to 2009. There were no large differences between the median intakes calculated from 2 or 7 y of pooled data for n-6 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D, pantothenic acid, potassium, or phosphorus. When the AI values and median intakes were compared, there was no large difference in the values for n-6 or n-3 PUFAs, pantothenic acid, or phosphorus. Conversely, the AI values for vitamin D and potassium differed from the median intakes of these nutrients for specific sex and age groups, because values were not based on NHNS-J data. Our results indicate that 2 y of pooled data from the NHNS-J adequately reflect the population's intake, and that the current system for determination of AI values will be applicable for future revisions.

Microencapsulated Tuna Oil Results in Higher Absorption of DHA in Toddlers

“…Therefore, the recommended ranges of between 5:1-15:1 and 6:1-16:1 for the intake of n-6:n-3 have been established for infant formulas and follow-up formulas [79,80]. Although in the present study, the Malaysian toddler intake n-6:n-3 ratio was similar to that of toddlers in the US [20], it was higher than those reported for toddlers in the UK [19], Japan [24], and China [22].…”

“…In the present study, the level of total blood n-3 PUFAs in Malaysian toddlers increased significantly after one month of supplementation with fish oil and microencapsulated tuna oil powders (Table 3). There have been no published data on the dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids in Malaysian toddlers, however data from USA [20] and Japan [24] indicate intakes of total n-3 PUFA in this age group to be between 0.85 to 1.1g/day, respectively, with most of the n-3 from alpha-linolenic acid. Compared with US recommendations, the intakes of total n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in the present study were lower, whereas the n-6:n-3 ratio was similar [77]; at the end of the study, the n-6:n-3 ratios were 5.80 ± 0.93, 4.93 ± 1.32 and 5.24 ± 1.12 in fish oil, ME formula 1 and ME formula 2 groups, respectively.…”

“…During the transition from complementary feeding at 6 months of age to a mixed and varied diet at 36 months of age, it is often important to consume n-3 LC-PUFA and essential fatty acids at the level of dietary recommendations. However, the current median n-3 LC-PUFA and estimated DHA intakes in toddlers in most countries are lower than the recommended levels [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] ( Supplementary Table S1). The EFSA recommend that infants and young children (<24 months) should consume 100 mg of DHA per day, while for older children (2-18 years), they recommend a daily intake of 250 mg [25].…”

The French national survey on food consumption of children under 3 years of age – Nutri-Bébé 2013: design, methodology, population sampling and feeding practices

“…In 2005, 713 non-breastfed children from 1 to 35 months were recruited (7) . The inclusion number of the current survey is also notably higher than that of many other surveys that enrolled children of the same age in other countries, which have been conducted under different conditions and methods (15,18,19,(22)(23)(24) . However, other surveys have enrolled a larger sample (17,(25)(26)(27) .…”

Demographic and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Vitamin D Status in Pregnant Japanese Women

“…The serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 271 participants (95.4%; summer: 146, winter: 125) were below 20.0 ng/mL, and those of 166 participants (58.5%; summer: 89, winter: 77) were below 10.0 ng/mL. In addition, 203 women (71.5%; summer: 114, winter: 89) had a dietary vitamin D intake below 7.0 mg/d, which is the Adequate Intake (AI) for pregnant women in DRIs for Japanese (25,31). The overall proportions of vitamin D ingested from fish/seafood, eggs, and mushrooms were 70.4%, 8.8%, and 5.3%, respectively.…”