Dietary iron absorption during early postnatal life

Helman, Sheridan L; Anderson, Gregory J.; Frazer, David M.

doi:10.1007/s10534-019-00181-9

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Under normal physiological conditions, iron enters the body in large quantities from only two sources: across the placenta during fetal life and through the wall of the small intestine after delivery. In addition to iron stores at birth, infants also receive iron from their diet, which often includes breast milk or other iron-containing fortifications [ 4 ]. However, this iron is utilized very rapidly during the first few months of life, and during the second half of infancy, the continued rapid growth and expansion of hemoglobin mass and the depletion of iron stores result in high iron requirements for infants [ 5 – 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microencapsulation of Fe2+ in Spray-Dried Lactose for Improved Bioavailability

Yang

et al. 2021

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

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The development of spray drying technology has been widely used for drying and preservation of food products. Though infant milk powder iron fortification is necessary for infants and children, iron fortification is accompanied by some limitations that reduce its quality and oxidation of Fe2+ into Fe3+, causing sensory problems and even a decrease in iron absorption, which does not meet the normal requirements of infant and child body development. To overcome this adverse effect and to improve the bioavailability of iron, a spray drying method was used to simulate the milk powder production process by codrying a mixture of ascorbic acid and ferrous sulfate, where ascorbic acid was uniformly coated on the outer layer of ferrous sulfate. It was demonstrated that ascorbic acid had a very obvious inhibitory effect on the oxidation of ferrous iron and could maintain the stability of ferrous iron in solid and solution for a long time, thus improving the bioavailability of iron.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microencapsulation of Fe2+ in Spray-Dried Lactose for Improved Bioavailability

Yang

et al. 2021

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

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“…Concentrations of hepcidin, although variable, are relatively high in the first few months of life, when iron availability is not limited; this is consistent with the regulation of hepcidin operating in infancy in response to iron status as in adults [17,80]. Evidence has been presented however that in the first 6 months, absorption of iron supplements does not correlate with iron status, suggesting dietary iron absorption may bypass hepcidin-mediated regulation at this point [18,19,81]. Nonetheless, most of the iron entering circulation is derived from iron-recycling erythrophagocytic macrophages.…”

Section: Regulation Of Iron Status During Early Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…This means iron must be obtained from exogenous sources including complementary foods and via food fortification or supplementation [7]. Human breastmilk is often considered to contain highly bioavailable iron but only in small quantities that are insufficient to sustain iron requirements as infancy progresses [18,19,20]. Therefore, weaning diets must contain adequate sources of bioavailable iron.…”

Section: Regulation Of Iron Status During Early Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Iron Status for Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

Armitage

Moretti

2019

Pharmaceuticals

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Early childhood is characterised by high physiological iron demand to support processes including blood volume expansion, brain development and tissue growth. Iron is also required for other essential functions including the generation of effective immune responses. Adequate iron status is therefore a prerequisite for optimal child development, yet nutritional iron deficiency and inflammation-related iron restriction are widespread amongst young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), meaning iron demands are frequently not met. Consequently, therapeutic iron interventions are commonly recommended. However, iron also influences infection pathogenesis: iron deficiency reduces the risk of malaria, while therapeutic iron may increase susceptibility to malaria, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, besides reshaping the intestinal microbiome. This means caution should be employed in administering iron interventions to young children in LMIC settings with high infection burdens. In this narrative review, we first examine demand and supply of iron during early childhood, in relation to the molecular understanding of systemic iron control. We then evaluate the importance of iron for distinct aspects of physiology and development, particularly focusing on young LMIC children. We finally discuss the implications and potential for interventions aimed at improving iron status whilst minimising infection-related risks in such settings. Optimal iron intervention strategies will likely need to be individually or setting-specifically adapted according to iron deficiency, inflammation status and infection risk, while maximising iron bioavailability and considering the trade-offs between benefits and risks for different aspects of physiology. The effectiveness of alternative approaches not centred around nutritional iron interventions for children should also be thoroughly evaluated: these include direct targeting of common causes of infection/inflammation, and maternal iron administration during pregnancy.

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“…The dietary intake of iron-containing foods or products is considered a safer solution to iron deficiency than oral iron supplements [ 9 ]. Studies have shown that an adequate intake of iron from breastmilk can have profound effects on infant brain development in early life [ 10 ]. Dietary iron deficiency may result in anemia [ 11 ]—the most common type of iron deficiency in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

et al. 2022

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From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of nutritional deficiencies in China remained stable. However, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) rate of nutritional deficiencies decreased from 1990 to 2019. Data were extracted from the GBD 2019 datasets. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence rate, and DALY trends of nutritional deficiencies. Measures were stratified by subtypes, regions, and age groups. In 2019, the age-standardized DALY rates of dietary iron deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition reached their highest levels. The main population groups with protein-energy malnutrition and dietary iron deficiency were adults over the age of 70 and children under the age of five. The latter group also had a greater burden of vitamin A deficiency. Zhejiang, Beijing, and Guangdong reported the highest age-standardized incidence rates of nutritional deficiencies, which mainly pertained to protein-energy malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency. Tibet, Xinjiang, and Hainan had the highest age-standardized DALY rates of nutritional deficiencies, which mainly pertained to dietary iron deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition.

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Dietary iron absorption during early postnatal life

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

Microencapsulation of Fe2+ in Spray-Dried Lactose for Improved Bioavailability

Microencapsulation of Fe2+ in Spray-Dried Lactose for Improved Bioavailability

The Importance of Iron Status for Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review

Burden of Nutritional Deficiencies in China: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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