Dietary L-arginine supplementation during days 14–25 of gestation enhances aquaporin expression in the placentae and endometria of gestating gilts

Zhu, Cui; Li, Xilong; Bazer, Fuller W.; Johnson, Gregory A.; Burghardt, Robert C.; Jiang, Zongyong

doi:10.1007/s00726-021-03038-z

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…41 This necessitates the placental transport of water from mother to fetus. We reported that porcine placentae expressed AQPs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 11, but not AQP 10, on Day 25 of gestation 15,42,43 and that AQPs 1, 5, 8, and 10 were localized to specific cell types within both the endometrium and placenta. 44 Thus, pigs appear to use AQPs 1, 5, 8, and 9 to transport water from maternal blood across the utero-placental interface into the allantoic sac as allantoic fluid.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dietary supplementation with L-citrulline improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival in gilts

Bazer

Johnson

et al. 2023

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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This study was conducted with gilts as an animal model to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with L-citrulline (Cit) improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival. Between Days 14 and 25 of gestation, each gilt was fed a corn- and soybean-meal-based diet (2 kg/day) supplemented with 0.4% Cit or an isonitrogenous amount of L-alanine (Control). On Day 25 of gestation, gilts were hysterectomized to obtain conceptuses. Amniotic and allantoic fluids and placentae were analyzed for NOx [stable oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO)], polyamines, and amino acids (AAs). Placentae were also analyzed for syntheses of NO and polyamines; concentrations of AAs and related metabolites; and the expression of angiogenic factors and aquaporins (AQPs). Compared to the control group, Cit supplementation increased ( P < 0.01) the number of viable fetuses by 2.0 per litter, the number and diameter of placental blood vessels (21% and 24%, respectively), placental weight (15%), and total allantoic and amniotic fluid volumes (20% and 47%, respectively). Cit supplementation also increased ( P < 0.01) enzymatic activities of GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 (32%) and ornithine decarboxylase (27%) in placentae; syntheses of NO (29%) and polyamines (26%); concentrations of NOx (19%), tetrahydrobiopterin (28%), polyamines (22%), cAMP (26%), and cGMP (24%) in placentae; total amounts of NOx (22–40%), polyamines (23–40%), AAs (16–255%), glucose (22–44%), and fructose (22–43%) in allantoic and amniotic fluids. Furthermore, Cit supplementation increased ( P < 0.05) placental mRNA levels for angiogenic factors ( eNOS [84%], GTP-CH1 [55%], PGF [61%], VEGFA120 [26%], and VEGFR2 [137%], as well as AQPs – AQP1 [105%], AQP3 [53%], AQP5 [77%], AQP8 [57%], and AQP9 [31%]). Collectively, dietary Cit supplementation enhanced placental NO and polyamine syntheses as well as angiogenesis to improve conceptus development and survival.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dietary supplementation with L-citrulline improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival in gilts

Bazer

Johnson

et al. 2023

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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“…Transport of 3 H 2 O was measured with the use of Ussing chambers (Physiologic Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA) containing 5 mL of oxygenated (95% O 2 /5% CO 2 ) Krebs buffer as well as physiological concentrations of AAs and glucose, as we described [ 53 , 54 ]. Pieces of placental tissue (1 cm 2 ) were mounted onto Ussing chambers, followed by the addition of 3 H 2 O (20 µL), 0.2 mmol/L L -[U- 14 C]Arg, 0.5 mmol/L L -[U- 14 C]glutamine, or 1 mmol/L [U- 14 C]glycine (similar to physiological concentrations of AAs in the pig plasma) to the “mucosal” side of each chamber.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary supplementation with 0.4% L-arginine between days 14 and 30 of gestation enhances NO and polyamine syntheses and water transport in porcine placentae

Herring

Bazer

Johnson

et al. 2022

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

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Background Most embryonic loss in pigs occurs before d 30 of gestation. Dietary supplementation with L-arginine (Arg) during early gestation can enhance the survival and development of conceptuses (embryo/fetus and its extra-embryonic membranes) in gilts. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Methods Between d 14 and 30 of gestation, each gilt was fed daily 2 kg of a corn- and soybean-meal based diet (12% crude protein) supplemented with either 0.4% Arg (as Arg-HCl) or an isonitrogenous amount of L-alanine (Control). There were 10 gilts per treatment group. On d 30 of gestation, gilts were fed either Arg-HCl or L-alanine 30 min before they were hysterectomized, followed by the collection of placentae, embryos, fetal membranes, and fetal fluids. Amniotic and allantoic fluids were analyzed for nitrite and nitrate [NOx; stable oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO)], polyamines, and amino acids. Placentae were analyzed for syntheses of NO and polyamines, water and amino acid transport, concentrations of amino acid-related metabolites, and the expression of angiogenic factors and aquaporins (AQPs). Results Compared to the control group, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the number of viable fetuses by 1.9 per litter, the number and diameter of placental blood vessels (+ 25.9% and + 17.0% respectively), embryonic survival (+ 18.5%), total placental weight (+ 36.5%), the total weight of viable fetuses (+ 33.5%), fetal crown-to-rump length (+ 4.7%), and total allantoic and amniotic fluid volumes (+ 44.6% and + 75.5% respectively). Compared to control gilts, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) placental activities of GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (+ 33.1%) and ornithine decarboxylase (+ 29.3%); placental syntheses of NO (+ 26.2%) and polyamines (+ 28.9%); placental concentrations of NOx (+ 22.5%), tetrahydrobiopterin (+ 21.1%), polyamines (+ 20.4%), cAMP (+ 27.7%), and cGMP (+ 24.7%); total amounts of NOx (+ 61.7% to + 96.8%), polyamines (+ 60.7% to + 88.7%), amino acids (+ 39% to + 118%), glucose (+ 60.5% to + 62.6%), and fructose (+ 41.4% to + 57.0%) in fetal fluids; and the placental transport of water (+ 33.9%), Arg (+ 78.4%), glutamine (+ 89.9%), and glycine (+ 89.6%). Furthermore, Arg supplementation increased (P < 0.05) placental mRNA levels for angiogenic factors [VEGFA120 (+ 117%), VEGFR1 (+ 445%), VEGFR2 (+ 373%), PGF (+ 197%), and GCH1 (+ 126%)] and AQPs [AQP1 (+ 280%), AQP3 (+ 137%), AQP5 (+ 172%), AQP8 (+ 165%), and AQP9 (+ 127%)]. Conclusion Supplementing 0.4% Arg to a conventional diet for gilts between d 14 and d 30 of gestation enhanced placental NO and polyamine syntheses, angiogenesis, and water and amino acid transport to improve conceptus development and survival.

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“…3,13,29,56,67–69 For example, dietary glutamate, glutamine, glycine, and proline protect the small intestine from oxidative stress and atrophy in weanling pigs, 2,55–57 whereas dietary arginine enhances placental water transport and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, as well as embryonic and fetal survival in gestating swine. 69–71 Furthermore, a lack of glutamate or glutamine in diets results in high rates of mortality in juvenile hybrid-striped bass. 72 Thus, although poultry and swine nutritionists have adopted the “ideal protein” concept for animal feeding for over 60 and 40 years, respectively, the production performance and feed conversion efficiencies of swine and poultry remain suboptimum.…”

Section: Moving Beyond the “Ideal Protein” Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

2022

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

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Amino acids (AAs) are required for syntheses of proteins and low-molecular-weight substances with enormous physiological importance. Since 1912, AAs have been classified as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) for animals. EAAs are those AAs that are either not synthesized or insufficiently synthesized de novo in the organisms. It was assumed that all NEAAs (now known as AAs that are synthesizable in animal cells de novo [AASAs]) were formed sufficiently in animals and were not needed in diets. However, studies over the past three decades have shown that sufficient dietary AASAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and proline) are necessary for the maximum growth and optimum health of pigs, chickens, and fish. Thus, the concept of “ideal protein” (protein with an optimal EAA pattern that precisely meets the physiological needs of animals), which was originally proposed in the 1950s but ignored AASAs, is not ideal in animal nutrition. Ideal diets must provide all physiologically and nutritionally essential AAs. Improved patterns of AAs in diets for swine and chickens as well as zoo and companion animals have been proposed in recent years. Animal-sourced feedstuffs supply abundant EAAs and AASAs (including glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and taurine) for diets of swine, poultry, fish, and crustaceans to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and health, while sustaining global animal production. Nutritionists should move beyond the “ideal protein” concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.

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Dietary L-arginine supplementation during days 14–25 of gestation enhances aquaporin expression in the placentae and endometria of gestating gilts

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Dietary supplementation with L-citrulline improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival in gilts

Dietary supplementation with L-citrulline improves placental angiogenesis and embryonic survival in gilts

Dietary supplementation with 0.4% L-arginine between days 14 and 30 of gestation enhances NO and polyamine syntheses and water transport in porcine placentae

The “ideal protein” concept is not ideal in animal nutrition

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