Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns Associated with Adiposity and Metabolic Abnormalities in Adult Men under 40 Years Old: A Cross-Sectional Study (MeDiSH Project)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the associations of dietary-lifestyle patterns (DLPs) with adiposity and metabolic abnormalities in adult Polish men that were under 40. The cross-sectional study included 358 men that were 19–40-year-old. Dietary and lifestyle data were collected with multicomponent food frequency questionnaire (KomPAN®). DPLs were derived with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using 25 dietary and six lifestyle as the input variables. Adiposity was determined with the use of: overweight (body mass index 25–29.9 kg/m2), central obesity (waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.5), general obesity (body fat ≥ 25%), excessive visceral fat tissue (≥ median), and increased skeletal muscle mass (≥ median). The metabolic abnormalities were characterised by elevated: fasting blood glucose (FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL), total cholesterol (TC ≥ 200 mg/dL), or systolic or diastolic blood pressure (≥ 130 or ≥ 85 mmHg, respectively). Four PCA-driven DLPs were derived and labelled accordingly to the most characteristic dietary or lifestyle behaviours that were correlated with each pattern. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that higher adherence (upper vs. bottom tertile as referent) to “Protein food, fried-food, and recreational physical activity” pattern was associated with higher odds of overweight and increased skeletal muscle mass, and lower odds of: general obesity, excessive visceral fat tissue, and elevated TC. Higher adherence to “Healthy diet, active, past smokers” pattern was associated with higher odds of overweight and lower odds of: general obesity, excessive visceral fat tissue, and elevated FBG. Higher adherence to “Sandwiches and convenient diet” pattern was associated with higher odds of: central obesity, general obesity, excessive visceral fat tissue, elevated TC, elevated TG, occurrence at least two metabolic abnormalities, and lower odds of increased skeletal muscle mass. A higher adherence to “Fast foods and stimulants” pattern was associated with higher odds of central obesity, general obesity, excessive visceral fat tissue, and lower odds of increased skeletal muscle mass. The interrelations between diet and lifestyle behaviours were reflected in three out of four patterns. Healthy diet attempts combined with active lifestyle was associated with reduced risk of adiposity and metabolic abnormalities despite some unhealthy components, like former smoking or fried-food consumption. In contrary, patterns that were composed of undesirable dietary behaviours solely, as well as poor diet combined with stimulant use, were associated with higher adiposity and worse metabolic health, despite the relatively young age of the study participants. Accurate mapping of dietary-lifestyle behaviours can serve as a tool for formulating evidence-based recommendations.

Eating Behaviour among University Students: Relationships with Age, Socioeconomic Status, Physical Activity, Body Mass Index, Waist-to-Height Ratio and Social Desirability

“…Interestingly, no significant association between self-reported eating behaviour and age or SES was found in the present study. This research was conducted among university students, and the participants’ SES characteristics were, to some extent, similar to other studies conducted among adolescents and young adults in Poland [ 7 , 33 , 40 ]. Some other studies demonstrated significant associations between some of the eating behaviour dimensions and age or SES.…”

Advancing European nutrition – are pharmacists eligible partners in the process?

“…To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine associations between a range of dietary and lifestyle behaviors as well as nutrition knowledge among Polish pharmacists. We used a validated, culture-specific, tool with reliable psychometric properties [9][10][11][13][14][15][16]. Our results revealed that dietary patterns among this group of health-care professionals are moderate and comparable to the general adult Polish population [11], with slightly higher values of both, the Pro-Healthy Diet Index (pHDI-10) and the Table 5 The mean values and interquartile ranges (Q25-Q75) of consumption frequencies of the selected food items together with the Pro-Healthy Diet Index (pHDI-10), the Non-Healthy-Diet-Index (nHDI-14) and nutrition knowledge test scores in our sample in comparison with Polish healthy population data [7].…”

Associations of Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns with Obesity and Metabolic Health: Two-Year Changes in MeDiSH® Study Cohort

“…A total of 358 men from the Warmia and Mazury region (Poland), aged 19–40 years old were analysed in this study ( Figure 1 ) [ 30 , 31 ]. Details of the sample recruitment have been previously reported [ 31 ].…”

“…A total of 358 men from the Warmia and Mazury region (Poland), aged 19–40 years old were analysed in this study ( Figure 1 ) [ 30 , 31 ]. Details of the sample recruitment have been previously reported [ 31 ]. In brief, the study was publicly advertised using posters, social media advertising, and through direct contact with local businesses and council, inviting male employees to participate in the study.…”

“…The inclusion criteria were: males between 19 and 40 years old, with a cognitive ability to understand and respond to questions that were asked by the interviewer and who provided a written consent to participate. The exclusion criteria were: females, and a cognitive impairment that would prevent participants from understanding and responding to questions that were asked by the interviewer [ 30 , 31 ].…”