Dietary lipids and cardiometabolic health: a new vision of structure–activity relationship

Abstract

Purpose of review The impact of dietary lipids on cardiometabolic health was mainly studied considering their fatty acid composition. This review aims to present the recent change in paradigm whereby the food matrix, the molecular and supramolecular structures of dietary lipids modulate their digestive fate and cardiometabolic impact. Recent findings Epidemiological studies have reported that the metabolic impact of full-fat dairy products is better than predictable upon saturated fatty acid richness. Milk polar lipid supplementation reduced adiposity and inflammation in rodents by modulating gut microbiota and barrier, and decreased lipid markers of cardiovascular disease risk in humans by lowering cholesterol absorption. The metabolic importance of the structure of lipid molecules carrying omega-3 (molecular carrier) has also been documented. Plant lipids exhibit specific assemblies, membrane and molecular structures with potential health benefits. Lipid emulsifiers used to stabilize fats in processed foods are not mere bystanders of lipid effects and can induce both beneficial and adverse health effects. Summary These findings open new clinical research questions aiming to further characterize the cardiometabolic fate of lipids, from digestion to bioactive metabolites, according to the food source or molecular carrier. This should be useful to elaborate food formulations for target populations and personalized dietary recommendations.

Variations in Chlorella lipid content in commercial and in-lab produced biomass

“…Indeed, for a given microalgae species, depending on the expected effect, i.e. fatty acid composition, v6/v3 ratio, polar lipid content, a lot of strategies can be set up to achieve the best compromise in terms of nutritional intake and bioaccessibility of the bioactive molecules (Legrand, 2013;Vors et al, 2020). Last but not the least, the presence and efficiency of antioxidants like tocopherols or carotenoids to protect against oxidation should not be overlooked as they are considered as key bioactive molecules in microalgae as it has been highlighted in recent preclinical or clinical studies (Neumann et al, 2019(Neumann et al, , 2018Stiefvatter et al, 2021).…”

“…With the growing emphasis on sustainable food sources, galactolipids from terrestrial (photosynthetic plant) or aquatic (microalgae) origin contribute to PUFA-v3 intake, alongside TAG from seeds and nuts (Kergomard et al, 2021). The metabolic fate of such lipids is influenced by several structural factors at both molecular and supramolecular levels, such as fatty acyl moieties length, distribution on the TAG, PL or GL molecule, as well as the crystallinity and emulsified state (Michalski et al, 2013;Vors et al, 2020), all necessitating further exploration.…”

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“…Blood measures that may be used as a screening tool for cardiometabolic functioning and status. 43 Examples include: ► Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides…”

Exploring Physical and Biological Manifestations of Burnout and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review Protocol

“…• Alpha-amylase Lipids Blood measures that may be used as a screening tool for cardiometabolic functioning and status (38).…”