Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Arctic charr <i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>
 (L.)

Simmons, Nancy B.; Moccia,; Bureau,; Sivak,; Herbert,

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.1999.00097.x

Cited by 96 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Some of these discrepancies may be attributed to differences in experimental design, e.g., feeding level and frequency, in the experimental conditions, e.g., water quality, water flow rate, biomass rate, reference protein used, or energy density of the diet (Luzzana et al 1998). Digestibility and energy content bring about variable effects (Simmons et al 1999;De Silva et al 2000). Variations may also be attributed to differences between phylogenetically distinct families or species (Akiyama et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Siddiqui

Khan

2008

Fish Physiol Biochem

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An 8-week growth trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary protein on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency, and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (10.02 +/- 0.09 g; 9.93 +/- 0.07 cm). Isocaloric (4.15 kcal g(-1), GE) diets with varying levels of protein (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% of the diet) were fed near to satiation to triplicate groups of fish. Optimum dietary protein was determined by analyzing live weight gain (LWG%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR%), and protein retention efficiency (PRE%) data. Maximum LWG% (167), best FCR (1.42), PER (1.75), SGR (1.76), and PRE (31.7%) were evident in fish fed 40% protein diet (Diet 4). Body protein data also supported the above level. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis of the above data indicated that inclusion of dietary protein in the range of 40-43% is optimum for the growth of young H. fossilis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Siddiqui

Khan

2008

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…It has also been suggested that the wide variation in amino acid requirements of fish may be affected by fish size and age, feed allowance, adequate levels of other nutrients, water temperature, flow rate, stock density, and the environmental and culture conditions adopted by different laboratories (Cowey and Luquet 1983;Kim et al 1992;Forster and Ogata 1998;Luzzana et al 1998). Digestibility, amino acid profile and energy content may also alter the dietary amino acid requirement values (Simmons et al 1999;De Silva et al 2000). Akiyama et al (1997) reported that variations in the essential amino acid requirements of different species possibly reflect true differences between phylogenetically distinct families or species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dietary amino acid l-threonine requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) estimated by growth and biochemical parameters

Ahmed

2007

Aquacult Int

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An eight-week feeding experiment was conducted to quantify the dietary threonine requirement of young catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (9.20 ± 0.85 cm, 3.60 ± 0.45 g) using isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets [40% crude protein (CP); 4.28 kcal g/100 g, gross energy (GE)] containing casein, gelatin and L-crystalline amino acids. Six dietary treatments supplemented with graded levels of L-threonine (0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 g per 100 g, dry diet), in gradations of 0.25 g per 100 g dry diet were formulated. Fish were randomly stocked, in triplicate groups, in 55-l indoor polyvinyl flow-through circular tanks and fed experimental diets at 4% of their body weight divided over two equal feedings at 08:00 and 16:00 hours. Feeding schedule and ration size were worked out prior to the start of the feeding trial. Live weight gain (263%), feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.35) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) (1.85) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed a diet containing 1.25% dietary threonine. However, second-degree polynomial regression analysis of live weight gain, FCR, PER and body protein deposition data indicated the dietary threonine requirement to be 1.37, 1.26, 1.23 and 1.24 g per 100 g of dry diet, respectively. Whole-body moisture decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase of dietary concentration up to 1.25%. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher protein content was evident in fish fed a diet containing 1.25% threonine. Body fat increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase of dietary concentration and was found to be highest at a 1.75% threonine concentration. A significantly (P < 0.05) higher ash content was reported at the 0.50 and 0.75% threonine levels. Body protein deposition was also found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher at the 1.25% threonine level, followed by the 1.50% threonine level. Based on these results, it is recommended that the diet for fingerling H. fossilis should contain threonine at a level of 1.27 g per 100 g of dry diet, corresponding to 3.17 g per 100 g of dietary protein for optimum growth and efficient feed utilization. No mortality was observed during the experiment.

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“…These include high density culture (Wedemeyer, 1997;Winfree et al, 1998), various feeding strategies (Moutou et al, 1998;Simmons et al, 1999;McCarthy et al, 1999), genomic manipulations (Abrahams and Sutterlin, 1999), handling methods (Grizzle et al, 1992;Bhujel, 2000), transportation (Garcia et al, 2000) and slaughter techniques (Kestin et al, 1991;Marx et al, 1997;Gregory, 1998;Robb et al, 2000). Future research is needed to develop tools that can be used to evaluate the effect of these procedures on welfare, and to provide objective information that will help to determine and define the limits of acceptable captive conditions (Chandroo, 2000;Chandroo et al, 2000;Cooke et al, 2000).…”

Section: General Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress

Chandroo

Duncan

Moccia

2004

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

340

165

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In contrast to other major forms of livestock agriculture, there is a paucity of scientific information on the welfare of fish raised under intensive aquacultural conditions. This reflects an adherence to the belief that these animals have not evolved the salient biological characteristics that are hypothesised to permit sentience. In this review, we evaluate the scientific evidence for the existence of sentience in fish, and in particular, their ability to experience pain, fear and psychological stress. Teleost fish are considered to have marked differences in some aspects of brain structure and organization as compared to tetrapods, yet they simultaneously demonstrate functional similarities and a level of cognitive development suggestive of sentience. Anatomical, pharmacological and behavioural data suggest that affective states of pain, fear and stress are likely to be experienced by fish in similar ways as in tetrapods. This implies that fish have the capacity to suffer, and that welfare consideration for farmed fish should take these states into account. We suggest that the concept of animal welfare can be applied legitimately to fish. It is therefore appropriate to recognize and study the welfare of farmed fish.

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Dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

Cited by 96 publications

References 24 publications

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, feed utilization, protein retention efficiency and body composition of young Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Dietary amino acid l-threonine requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) estimated by growth and biochemical parameters

Can fish suffer?: perspectives on sentience, pain, fear and stress

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