Dietary Nitrate from Plant Foods: A Conditionally Essential Nutrient for Cardiovascular Health

Pinaffi-Langley, Ana Clara da C; Dajani, Rosa M; Prater, M Catherine; Nguyen, Hoang Van M; Vrancken, Kurt; Hays, Franklin A.; Hord, Norman G

doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100158

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…These include issues related to cost, palatability, portability, and high levels of K + and oxalate, the latter of which may preclude its use by persons with compromised renal function, e.g., the elderly, patients with heart failure. Ironically, such individuals may be the most likely to benefit from supplementation with NO 3 − , which can be considered a conditionally essential nutrient ( 44 ). Thus, it is important to determine whether BRJ is in fact superior to NIT for improving exercise responses.…”

Section: Summary/conclusion/recommendations For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beetroot juice supplementation and exercise performance: is there more to the story than just nitrate?

Zoughaib,

Fry,

Singhal

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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This mini-review summarizes the comparative effects of different sources of dietary nitrate (NO3−), beetroot juice (BRJ) and nitrate salts (NIT), on physiological function and exercise capacity. Our objectives were to determine whether BRJ is superior to NIT in enhancing exercise-related outcomes, and to explore the potential contribution of other putatively beneficial compounds in BRJ beyond NO3−. We conducted a comparative analysis of recent studies focused on the impact of BRJ versus NIT on submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2), endurance performance, adaptations to training, and recovery from muscle-damaging exercise. While both NO3− sources provide benefits, there is some evidence that BRJ may offer additional advantages, specifically in reducing VO2 during high-intensity exercise, magnifying performance improvements with training, and improving recovery post-exercise. These reported differences could be due to the hypothesized antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties of BRJ resulting from the rich spectrum of phytonutrients it contains. However, significant limitations to published studies directly comparing BRJ and NIT make it quite challenging to draw any firm conclusions. We provide recommendations to help guide further research into the important question of whether there is more to the story of BRJ than just NO3−.

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Section: Summary/conclusion/recommendations For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beetroot juice supplementation and exercise performance: is there more to the story than just nitrate?

Zoughaib,

Fry,

Singhal

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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show abstract

“…An acceptable daily intake (ADI) level of 3.7 mg nitrates per kg body weight has been recommended by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) ( 14 ). This recommendation includes all nitrate sources including plant foods, drinking water, and cured and processed meats, although a different approach is recommended for nitrate from plant food sources ( 15 ). Co-supplementation of nitrate with caffeine, vitamin C, and other food components may enhance potential beneficial effects from moderate intake of nitrate and minimize risks from N-nitroso compounds ( 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beet supplementation mitigates post-exercise inflammation

Nieman,

Sakaguchi,

Williams

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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ObjectivesThis study investigated the efficacy of a mixed beet-based supplement (BEET) versus placebo (PL) in countering inflammation during recovery from 2.25 h of intensive cycling in 20 male and female cyclists. A multi-omics approach was used that included untargeted proteomics and a targeted oxylipin panel.MethodsA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover design was used with two 2-week supplementation periods and a 2-week washout period. Supplementation periods were followed by a 2.25 h cycling bout at close to 70%VO2max. The BEET supplement provided 212 mg of nitrates per day, 200 mg caffeine from green tea extract, 44 mg vitamin C from Camu Camu berry, B-vitamins from quinoa sprouts (40% Daily Value for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B6), and 2.5 g of a mushroom blend containing Cordyceps sinensis and Inonotus obliquus. Six blood samples were collected before and after supplementation (overnight fasted state), immediately post-exercise, and at 1.5 h-, 3 h-, and 24 h-post-exercise.ResultsThe 2.25 h cycling bout increased plasma levels of 41 of 67 oxylipins detected. BEET supplementation significantly increased plasma nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) (sum, NO3− + NO2−) concentrations (interaction effect, p < 0.001) and two anti-inflammatory oxylipins [18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE) and 4-hydroxy-docosahexanoic acid (4-HDoHE)]. The untargeted proteomics analysis identified 616 proteins (458 across all times points), and 2-way ANOVA revealed a cluster of 45 proteins that were decreased and a cluster of 21 that were increased in the BEET versus PL trials. Functional enrichment supported significant BEET-related reductions in inflammation-related proteins including several proteins related to complement activation, the acute phase response, and immune cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation.DiscussionIntake of a BEET-based supplement during a 2-week period was linked to higher plasma levels of NO3− + NO2−, elevated post-exercise levels of two anti-inflammatory oxylipins, and a significant decrease in a cluster of proteins involved in complement activation and inflammation. These data support that 2-weeks intake of nitrate from a mixed beet-based supplement moderated protein biomarkers of exercise-induced inflammation in athletes.

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Effect of nitrate supplementation on oxygen saturation levels for acute mountain sickness prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nafi'an,

Sabirin,

Wibowo

et al. 2024

Nitric Oxide

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Dietary Nitrate from Plant Foods: A Conditionally Essential Nutrient for Cardiovascular Health

Cited by 5 publications

References 153 publications

Beetroot juice supplementation and exercise performance: is there more to the story than just nitrate?

Beetroot juice supplementation and exercise performance: is there more to the story than just nitrate?

Beet supplementation mitigates post-exercise inflammation

Effect of nitrate supplementation on oxygen saturation levels for acute mountain sickness prevention: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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