Dietary nutrients and health risks from exposure to some heavy metals through the consumption of the farmed common carp (CYPRINUS CARPIO)

Abstract

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish species in Poland. The aims of our study were to determine the concentration of essential minerals in the muscle tissue of carp obtained from a pond culture and to compare the content of these minerals with the physiological norms of nutrition for the Polish population, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), and Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk by assessment of the Estimated target hazard quotients (THQ), total target hazard quotients (ΣTHQ), and carcinogenic risk were also studied. The muscle tissue of the carp was rich in macroelements. The pattern significance gradation of element concentrations was as follows: Na > K > Ca > P > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu > Mn > Cr > Se > Co. The concentration of toxic heavy metals in the samples was lower than the maximum allowable level of metals in food products. The risk of consumption of toxicants by an adult at a daily intake of 100 g of fish was 1.45% for Pb, 0.1% for Hg, 0.02% for Cd, and 0.02% for As, compared to the allowable daily intake for each toxicant. The value of the target hazard quotients of each metal was less than 1, indicating that the intake of a single metal through the consumption of carp meat does not pose a considerable health hazard. The total value of the target hazard quotients was also less than 1, indicating the safety of the combined effects of the chemicals. The major risk contributor was Pb with 82.9%, followed by Hg (9.38%), As (6.43%), and Cd (1.29%).

Measurement of Heavy Metals (Nickel, Chromium, and Cobalt) in Wild and Farmed Carps (Cyprinus carpio) of Hamadan Province

“…In Elsagh's study, the concentration of chromium metal in carp from the Caspian Sea was reported to be higher than the level determined by international standards, which was contrary to the result obtained in the present study; this inconsistency may have been due to the higher pollution of the Caspian Sea and enormous increase in using pesticides in this area compared to water basins of Hamadan province (37). In a study by Tkachenko et al, the amount of chromium metal was determined to be higher than that of cobalt metal in farmed carp in Poland, which was in agreement with our study results (38). Salemi and Hosseini Alhashemi reported that the concentration of chromium in common carp from the shores of Dez was equal to 0.02 mg/kg dry weight and was lower than the limit defined by international standards, which was consistent with our study findings; however, they demonstrated that the concentration of nickel in this fish was equal to 1.41 mg/kg dry weight and was higher than the limit defined by international standards, which was inconsistent with the findings from this study (39).…”