Dietary oral exposure to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in the northern bobwhite (<i>Colinus virginianus</i>)

Gogal, Robert M.; Johnson, Mark S.; Larsen, C. T.; Prater, M. Renée; Duncan, Robert B.; Ward, Daniel L.; Lee, Robyn B.; Salice, Christopher J.; Jortner, Bernard S.; Holladay, Steven D.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620220220

Cited by 20 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The recovery of total radioactivity ranged from 90% 6 3% to 100% 6 6% compared to that added at the start of the experiment ( Table 1). Most of the radioactivity (88-98%) remained in the soil, whereas from 1.7 to 3.4% was found in earthworms and from 0.1 to 1.8% as evolved 14 CO 2 . The recovery of radioactivity was not statistically different (p .…”

Section: Mass-balance Studies Using Earthworms Exposed To [ 14 C]rdx-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthworms were depurated for 24 h on a moistened filter paper as described for the RDX uptake studies. The concentrations of [ 14 C]RDX and its [ 14 C]metabolites (including MNX or TNX) in the earthworms were determined using the LSC or 14 C-HPLC during the uptake and elimination phases of this bioaccumulation test. The total 14 C-activity (RDX and its metabolites) in the individual test soil or tissue samples was determined using a PerkinElmer Model 307 sample oxidizer and LSC.…”

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx By Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data are expressed as the percentage recovery of radioactivity in soil or earthworm or the evolved 14 CO 2 relative to the amount of radioactivity added to soil at the start of the present study. As part of the mass-balance studies, the 14 C-activity in the acetonitrile-extractable fraction as well as the tissue-residue (or nonextractable) fraction also were examined to follow the fate of […”

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx By Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The elimination of 14 C-activity from the earthworm was examined during days 14 to 28 of the experiment (i.e., when 14 Ccontaining earthworms were transferred to the nonamended SSL soil). Figure 4 summarizes the results and shows a rapid decrease of radioactivity in the extractable fraction of earthworms during the elimination phase.…”

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx In Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Convulsions also were observed in MNX-treated animals. Acute toxicity studies showed that oral doses of RDX greater than 630 mg/kg were lethal to Northern Bobwhite [14]. Central nervous system and respiratory distresses also were observed in the RDX-exposed birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

Sarrazin

Dodard

Savard

et al. 2009

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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The heterocyclic polynitramine hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) is a highly energetic compound found as a soil contaminant at some defense installations. Although RDX is not lethal to soil invertebrates at concentrations up to 10,000 mg/kg, it decreases earthworm cocoon formation and juvenile production at environmentally relevant concentrations found at contaminated sites. Very little is known about the uptake of RDX in earthworms and the potential risks for food‐chain transfer of RDX in the environment. Toxicokinetic studies were conducted to quantify the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) using adult earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed for up to 14 d to sublethal concentrations of nonlabeled RDX or [14C]RDX in a Sassafras sandy loam soil. High‐performance liquid chromatography of acetonitrile extracts of tissue and soil samples indicated that nonlabeled RDX can be accumulated by the earthworm in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. The BAF, expressed as the earthworm tissue to soil concentration ratio, decreased from 6.7 to 0.1 when the nominal soil RDX concentrations were increased from 1 to 10,000 mg/kg. Tissue concentrations were comparable in earthworms exposed to nonlabeled RDX or [14C]RDX. The RDX bioaccumulation also was estimated using the kinetically derived model (BAFK), based on the ratio of the uptake to elimination rate constants. The established BAFK of 3.6 for [14C]RDX uptake was consistent with the results for nonlabeled RDX. Radioactivity also was present in the tissue residues of [14C]RDX‐exposed earthworms following acetonitrile extraction, suggesting the formation of nonextractable [14C]RDX metabolites associated with tissue macromolecules. These findings demonstrated a net accumulation of RDX in the earthworm and the potential for food‐chain transfer of RDX to higher‐trophic‐level receptors.

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Section: Mass-balance Studies Using Earthworms Exposed To [ 14 C]rdx-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx By Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx By Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uptake and Elimination Of [ 14 C]rdx In Earthwormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

Sarrazin

Dodard

Savard

et al. 2009

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus)

Pan

Ochoa

Francisco

et al. 2013

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation are 3 critical aspects affecting toxicant action in animals. In the present study, B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus) were exposed for 28 d to contaminated feed that contained 1 of 5 different hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) concentrations: 0 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg. The authors quantified RDX and its reductive transformation products hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) in the stomach, intestine, plasma, liver, and brain of these mice. Average RDX concentrations followed a dose-dependent pattern for all matrices tested. No controls had concentrations above limits of detection. Average RDX concentrations in tissues of exposed mice ranged from 11.1 ng/mL to 182 ng/mL, 25.6 ng/g to 3319 ng/g, 123 ng/g to 233 ng/g, 144 ng/g to 35 900 ng/g, and 51.1 ng/g to 2697 ng/g in the plasma, brain, liver, stomach, and intestine, respectively. A considerable amount of RDX was present in the brain, especially in the highest-exposure group. This is consistent with the widely observed central nervous system effects caused by γ-aminobutyric acid inhibition associated with RDX exposure. N-nitroso metabolites of RDX were also present in tested tissues in a dose-dependent pattern. Average MNX concentrations in the stomachs of mice exposed to RDX ranged from nondetectable in control exposures to 490 ng/g in the highest-exposure groups. In the brain, MNX accumulated at a maximum average concentration of 165.1 ng/g, suggesting the potential formation of MNX from RDX within the brain. At higher exposures, DNX and TNX were present in the stomach, plasma, and brain of mice. The presence of RDX metabolites at notable amounts in different tissues suggests that RDX can transform into its N-nitroso metabolites in vivo by an undefined mechanism.

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Effects of Dietary Administration of CL-20 on Japanese QuailCoturnix coturnix japonica

Bardai

Sunahara

Spear

et al. 2005

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, or CL-20, is an emerging highly energetic compound currently under consideration for military applications. With the anticipated wide use of CL-20, there is the potential for soil and groundwater contamination resulting in adverse toxicologic effects on environmental receptors. Presently, there is a lack of data describing the toxic effects of CL-20 on avian species. The present study describes the effect of CL-20 on Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) modified from standard toxicity test guidelines. First, a 14-day subacute assay was adopted using repeated gavage doses (0, 307, 964, 2439, 3475, or 5304 mg CL-20/kg body weight (BW)/d for 5 days followed by no CL-20 exposure (vehicle only) for 10 days. Second, a subchronic feeding assay (0, 11, 114, or 1085 mg CL-20/kg feed) was done for 42 days. During both studies, no overt toxicity was observed in the CL-20-treated birds. During the first 5 days of the subacute study, CL-20-exposed birds showed a dose-dependent decrease in BW gain, whereas increased liver weight, plasma sodium, and creatinine levels were observed in birds receiving the highest dose tested. For the subchronic study, embryo weights were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Embryos from CL-20-exposed birds were observed to have multiple cranial and facial deformities, beak curvatures, possible mid-brain enlargement, and classic one-sided development with micro-opthalamia (nonstatistical comparisons with control embryos). A trend toward decreased number of eggs laid per female bird was also observed. We conclude that CL-20 (or its degradation products) elicits few effects in adults but may affect avian development, although these preliminary findings should be confirmed.

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Dietary oral exposure to 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

Accumulation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine by the earthworm Eisenia andrei in a sandy loam soil

Absorption, distribution, and biotransformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine in B6C3F1 mice (Mus musculus)

Effects of Dietary Administration of CL-20 on Japanese QuailCoturnix coturnix japonica

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