Dietary patterns among French-speaking men residing in Montreal, Canada

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe dietary patterns among 1636 French-speaking men residing in Montreal, Canada and to assess sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of men adhering to the dietary patterns identified. Participants were population controls from the Prostate Cancer and Environment Study, a case-control study conducted between 2006 and 2011 in Montreal. Information on diet was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and principal component analysis, a data-driven method and a posteriori method, was used to identify dietary patterns. Three dietary patterns were identified; Healthy, Modified Western – Salty and Modified Western - Sweet patterns accounted for 7.0%, 5.4%, and 3.2% of the variance, respectively. The Healthy pattern was characterized by consumption of fruits, vegetables, vegetable soup, chicken, fish and seafood, cheese, rice, yogurt, and wine. The Modified Western – Salty pattern included high loadings for beef, pork, chicken, hot-dogs or sausages, cold cuts, bacon, barbecue cooking, meat slightly blackened, potatoes, pasta with tomato sauce, pizza, pastries, dark carbonated soft drinks, ice cream, and white bread. The third pattern, labelled as Modified Western - Sweet, had high loadings of cookies, muffins, cakes, pastries, pies, ice cream, fruits and vegetables. In multivariate analyses, the Healthy pattern was positively associated with higher income and education, moderate recreational physical activity and less heavy smoking, and inversely associated with French ancestry. The Modified Western – Salty pattern was positively associated with French, other European, and Latino ancestries, and with married and common-law relationships. Finally, the Modified Western – Sweet pattern was more common among men of French ancestry and users of vitamin/mineral supplements. The Healthy pattern has been frequently observed in other Western populations, but the other two are described for the first time in a study population of men.

Sociodemographic and Regional Determinants of Dietary Patterns in Russia

“…Associations with education level can be characterized generally as an increase in adherence to the "Rational" DP and a decrease in the "Salt" and "Meat" DPs with increasing education level. This tendency corresponds to the literature data from other countries [45,50,[56][57][58][59] and is usually explained by the lack of knowledge, culinary skills, and motivation among people with lower levels of education [2].…”

“…On the other hand, a number of studies showed the ambiguity of these tendencies. For example, a Canadian study of French-speaking men in Montreal showed high adherence of those having a family to a modified Western-Salt DP, which included, among other products, large amounts of beef, pork, chicken, hot dogs or sausages, cold cuts, bacon, and grilled food [50]. These data resemble the information obtained in this study.…”

“…An increase in material wealth is generally associated with an increase in adherence in the "Rational", "Meat", and "Mixed" DPs and a decrease in the "Salt" DP, corresponding in whole to the literature data. On one hand, as a rule, people with high incomes adhere to healthier diets (in this study, these are the "Rational" and "Mixed" DPs) [50,57]. On the other hand, there are studies related to the number of countries (as a rule, not belonging to the group of economically developed ones) showing a high adherence to "Meat" DPs among people with a high income [27].…”

“…In other studies, the high consumption of sausage and pickled products is often included in one DP along with the high consumption of red meat [36,46,47]. The set of foods included in the "Meat" DP is of interest due to the fact that, as a rule, in a posteriori DPs of other countries, the consumption of red meat is divided from the consumption of poultry, and especially from fish and seafood [27,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Red meat, in this case, is included into such DPs as "Unhealthy" or "Western", and poultry and fish into the "Healthy" DP.…”

Reproducibility and Validity of A Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Chinese Lactating Mothers

“…However, these recalls generally involve a limited number of days and gather data only on short-term dietary intake [18]. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is usually used to evaluate long-term dietary intake [19][20][21]. Studies have shown that the FFQ is the most feasible and cost-effective tool when compared to other dietary assessment methods [18].…”