Dietary patterns are associated with obesity in Mexican schoolchildren

García-Chávez, Claudia Gabriela; Rivera, Juan Á.; Monterrubio‐Flores, Eric; Rodríguez‐Ramírez, Sonia

doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0598-3

Cited by 9 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As to the information collected for this study, both the FFQ as well as the 24 h reminders were obtained from the targeted population-that is, Mexican children and adolescents-which is why no assumption of the information was required as was the case in other studies [37,40]. It is important to consider the existence of social and cultural factors, in addition to costs, which may influence food selection and diet behavior, such as: the availability of the foods, palatability, beliefs and customs, education, and the supply or promotion of unhealthy foods and drinks at the time of acquisition and preparation, which should be considered when interpreting the dietary patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies are published in our country regarding the dietary patterns in adults and their relationship with some diseases such as gastric cancer, cardiovascular disease, and obesity [31][32][33][34][35][36]; nonetheless, none of these studies included any economic analysis; for the population of children and adolescents, there are some studies that report dietary patterns [37,38], but none of them reported their costs. The only study that reported the costs of diets in Mexicans was a study based on data from the 2012 ENSANUT survey [39] where authors explored the energy density of foods and their cost on adults, concluding that an average diet of 1958 kcal/d had a cost of MXN 49.00 (USD 2.78) per day [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent study from Mexico [41], prices of food in seven consecutive years were reported (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018) where no increment in costs was observed in healthy foods, and some increments were found in non-healthy choices; however, the main conclusion of this study was that no significant price changes over this time were observed. Therefore, it is unknown if the cost, as it has been mentioned in other studies [7,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], is the variable that prevents the purchase of healthy food for Mexican families, or other factors of a different nature besides the costs are the barriers that prevent the selection of healthy dietary choices. Moreover, it is well known that the consumption of food and nutrients differs between adults, children, and adolescents because of biological, social, and cultural aspects, and these elements must be considered for this specific population [42,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Healthy Diet Is Not More Expensive than Less Healthy Options: Cost-Analysis of Different Dietary Patterns in Mexican Children and Adolescents

et al. 2021

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Unhealthy diets are recognized as a major risk factor for many diseases. The decrease in costs of industrialized products, as well as the possible misinformation about a healthy diet, has led to new behaviors in the dietary patterns of the pediatric population. The costs of dietary patterns have not been estimated in our population, so the objective of this study was to determine the cost associated with dietary patterns in Mexican children and adolescents, hypothesizing that a healthy diet is not necessarily more economically expensive. This study analyzed data from a population-based cross-sectional study of healthy children and adolescents in Mexico City. Data were collected from a food frequency questionnaire and the meal cost of habitual food shopping. Eating patterns were obtained by using principal component analysis. A micro-costing technique was performed to obtain the direct costs of each pattern. When comparing the healthy pattern with the transition and non-healthy patterns, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences between the dietary patterns (p = 0.8293). The cost of the healthy pattern only takes up 16.6% of the total biweekly income of a salaried Mexican. In this study, no differences were observed between the costs of a healthy and a less healthy diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Healthy Diet Is Not More Expensive than Less Healthy Options: Cost-Analysis of Different Dietary Patterns in Mexican Children and Adolescents

et al. 2021

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“…This has led to unhealthy dietary patterns in children and adults [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. A dietary pattern rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains could prevent diseases associated with obesity [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dietary patterns of Mexican children have been identified by analyzing one-day diets or breakfast foods [ 5 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]; however, dietary patterns based on foods prepared at home by parents and eaten at school lunches have not been studied. Moreover, dietary patterns vary among populations due to the differences in food availability, residence area, geographical region, cultural practices, and socioeconomic status, among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Unhealthy Dietary Patterns in the School Lunch Sent from Home for Children in Mexico City

Flores-Moreno

Martínez-Andrade

Klünder-Klünder

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The identification and characterization of dietary patterns are tools that are used to assess associations between diet and health or disease conditions. In Mexico, studies have examined dietary patterns in children for breakfast or for the whole day, but not specifically for their school lunch. The aim was to describe dietary patterns identified in school lunch and their association with the nutritional status and metabolic parameters of schoolchildren. In this cross-sectional study on schoolchildren from four elementary schools of Mexico City, we recorded anthropometry measurements, a fasting blood sample was collected, and metabolic parameters were determined. We obtained information on the foods and beverages that children brought for their school lunch; estimated the caloric and nutritional content; and created food groups to obtain dietary patterns from the energy provided by those groups. Among the 350 schoolchildren (mean age, 7.9 ± 1.2 years) included, 24.9% and 21.7% presented having overweight and obesity, respectively. A total of 89.4% of schoolchildren brought the school lunch from home. Using the K-means method, the following four dietary patterns were identified: (1) sandwiches, tortas, and sweetened dairy products were consumed by 13.1% (n = 46) of the schoolchildren; (2) sweet snacks were consumed by 50.3% (n = 176); (3) sweetened dairy products were brought by 15.1% of the children (n = 53); and (4) sandwiches and tortas were brought by 21.4% (n = 75). These four patterns showed significant differences in terms of the caloric and nutritional contents (p < 0.001). Energy sources in the identified patterns were primarily sugars (15.8–40%). No association was found between the anthropometric and metabolic parameters of children and the dietary patterns. No dietary pattern obtained from the school lunch could be considered as healthy, since all of them had high energy content, and a high percentage of the energy was from sugars from ultra-processed foods and beverages.

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Changes in Weight-Related Outcomes Among Adolescents Following Consumer Price Increases of Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

2022

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IMPORTANCE Following the implementation of a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Mexico in 2014, SSB prices increased by about 10% on average, but differently across cities. It remains unclear how observed SSB price changes are associated with adolescent weight-related outcomes.OBJECTIVE To compare weight-related outcomes among adolescents living in cities with differential SSB price changes before and after the SSB tax was implemented in Mexico. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Associations between differential SSB price changes and changes in weight-related outcomes were examined overall and by sex among 12 654 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years born between 1999 and 2002 living in 39 cities in Mexico. Multivariate regressions with individual fixed effects were applied on longitudinal individual-level yearly clinical data (height and weight) from 2012 to 2017 collected by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) and merged with city-level SSB price data from 2011 to 2016 collected by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI). Data were analyzed from July 2018 to July 2021. EXPOSURES Yearly city-level changes in SSB prices between 2011 and 2016.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age-and sex-specific body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percentile and indicator for overweight or obesity if BMI was at or above the 85th percentile.RESULTS Before 2014, 46% of 12 654 adolescents (6850 girls and 5804 boys) included in this study had obesity or overweight. The mean (SD) age was 11.38 (1.08) years. Among girls, a 10% SSB price increase was associated with a 1.3 percentage point absolute decrease (95% CI, −2.19 to −0.36; P = .008) or a 3% relative decrease in overweight or obesity prevalence within 2 years of a price change. For girls with BMI at or above the 75th percentile pretax, this price increase was associated with a 0.59 lower BMI percentile (95% CI, −1.08 to −0.10; P = .02) or a 0.67% relative decrease. Improved outcomes for girls were observed in cities where price increases were greater than 10% after the tax. No such associations were observed for boys. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEIn this study, increased SSB prices were associated with decreased overweight or obesity prevalence among girls but not among boys. Improvements in outcomes were small, and mostly observed for girls with heavier weight and in cities where price increases after the tax were greater than 10%.

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Dietary patterns are associated with obesity in Mexican schoolchildren

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

A Healthy Diet Is Not More Expensive than Less Healthy Options: Cost-Analysis of Different Dietary Patterns in Mexican Children and Adolescents

A Healthy Diet Is Not More Expensive than Less Healthy Options: Cost-Analysis of Different Dietary Patterns in Mexican Children and Adolescents

Evidence of Unhealthy Dietary Patterns in the School Lunch Sent from Home for Children in Mexico City

Changes in Weight-Related Outcomes Among Adolescents Following Consumer Price Increases of Taxed Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

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