Dietary patterns of adults and their associations with Sami ethnicity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle factors in a rural multiethnic population of northern Norway - the SAMINOR 2 clinical survey

Abstract

BackgroundFew population-based studies have assessed dietary behaviors in the rural multiethnic population of Northern Norway. The present study determined dietary patterns and investigated their association with Sami ethnicity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle factors in a multiethnic population in rural Northern Norway.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 4504 participants of the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014) aged 40–69 years. All participants completed a lifestyle and food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis. Associations between food patterns and ethnicity, sociodemographic factors, and lifestyle factors were examined by multiple linear regression.ResultsSix dietary patterns were identified that accounted for 28% of the variability in food intake in the study sample: ‘processed meat/westernized’, ‘fish/traditional’, ‘fruit/vegetables’, ‘reindeer/traditional’, ‘bread and sandwich spreads’, and ‘sweets and bakery goods’. The ‘reindeer/traditional’ pattern was most common among the inland Sami population. The ‘fish/traditional’ pattern was most common among costal multiethnic Sami and least common among inland Sami and among women independent of ethnicity. The ‘fish/traditional’ pattern was also positively associated with older age, high education level, small household size, and smoking. Adherence to the ‘processed meat/westernized’ pattern was lower among inland Sami than inland/coastal non-Sami; no ethnic differences in adherence to this pattern were found between costal multiethnic Sami and inland/coastal non-Sami. Unhealthy lifestyle factors, like low physical activity level and smoking, and younger age were mainly associated with the ‘processed meat/westernized’ pattern, whereas socioeconomic factors like low education, low gross annual household income, and large household size were related to the ‘sweets and bakery goods’ pattern. Male gender, low education level, and smoking were associated with the ‘bread and sandwich spreads’ pattern. The ‘fruit/vegetables’ pattern was characterized by healthy dietary choices and a health-conscious lifestyle, and was more common in women with a high education level and income.ConclusionsAdherence to the six identified dietary patterns was characterized by different sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Ethnicity, in combination with geographical region of residence, was associated with dietary behaviors. This study provides knowledge that will be useful in future studies on dietary patterns related to chronic diseases in the rural population of Northern Norway.

Intake of Vegetables, Fruits and Berries and Compliance to “Five-a-Day” in a General Norwegian Population—The Tromsø Study 2015–2016

“…Education was positively associated with the reported intake of vegetables, fruits and berries in both women and men. This corresponds to findings from previous Nordic national dietary surveys, Nordic population-based studies and the large survey from the EU [ 8 , 10 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Obesity was positively associated with reported vegetable intake in both women and men.…”

“…We found age to be positively associated with reported fruit and vegetable intake in women and men. A similar gradient (although weak) was found in other Norwegian population-based studies [ 19 , 20 ]. Education was positively associated with the reported intake of vegetables, fruits and berries in both women and men.…”

“…This is supported by similar findings from the SAMINOR2 study [ 22 ], but it contrasts with the findings from the Swedish national dietary survey [ 10 ]. Physical activity was positively associated with the reported intake of vegetables, fruits and berries in both women and men, corresponding to similar findings in the Swedish national dietary survey [ 10 ] and in population-based surveys from Norway and Sweden [ 19 , 21 ].…”

Dietary habits among men and women in West Greenland: follow-up on the ACCEPT birth cohort

“…The intake frequency of traditional food groups was similar for mothers and fathers (Table 2); however, the percentage of traditional food was higher among the fathers (15%) compared to the mothers (13%). A similar difference between men and women has previously been seen in Greenland [24], as well as among other Indigenous populations, including the Sami population in Northern Norway [27] and the Eeyou Istchee communities in northern Quebec [28].…”

Chocolate culture: Preferences, emotional implications and awareness of Italian consumers

“…The characteristics of the individual, mood, previous purchasing, motivation and consumption experiences are factors that influence chocolate consumption and the emotions that result from it. Socio-demographic and lifestyle determinants have been shown to influence the motivations for choosing emotional foods, such as chocolate, and dietary patterns in general (Krieger et al, 2019;Petrenya et al, 2019).…”