Dietary phenolic compounds as promising therapeutic agents for diabetes and its complications: A comprehensive review

Abstract

In the middle of an ever‐changing landscape of diabetes care, precision medicine, and lifestyle therapies are becoming increasingly important. Dietary polyphenols are like hidden allies found in our everyday meals. These biomolecules, found commonly in fruits, vegetables, and various plant‐based sources, hold revolutionary potential within their molecular structure in the way we approach diabetes and its intimidating consequences. There are currently numerous types of diabetes medications, but they are not appropriate for all patients due to limitations in dosages, side effects, drug resistance, a lack of efficacy, and ethnicity. Currently, there has been increased interest in practicing herbal remedies to manage diabetes and its related complications. This article aims to summarize the potential of dietary polyphenols as a foundation in the treatment of diabetes and its associated consequences. We found that most polyphenols inhibit enzymes linked to diabetes. This review outlines the potential benefits of selected molecules, including kaempferol, catechins, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid, in managing diabetes mellitus as these compounds have exhibited promising results in in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and some preclinical trials study. This encompassing exploration reveals the multifaceted impact of polyphenols not only in mitigating diabetes but also in addressing associated conditions like inflammation, obesity, and even cancer. Their mechanisms involve antioxidant functions, immune modulation, and proinflammatory enzyme regulation. Furthermore, these molecules exhibit anti‐tumor activities, influence cellular pathways, and activate AMPK pathways, offering a less toxic, cost‐effective, and sustainable approach to addressing diabetes and its complications.

Physicochemical Characterization, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity from Stenocereus queretaroensis: Mexican Endemic Fruits with High Potential Functionality

“…The results are highly relevant because the phenolic compounds are potent antioxidants that decrease inflammation, blood glucose, and cholesterol. After all, it has been demonstrated these compounds can inhibit hydrolases, cyclooxygenases, alkaline phosphatases, cAMP phosphodiesterases, ATP-ases, lyases, hydroxylases, transferases, oxidoreductases, proteinases, amyloglucosidases, and kinases, as well as other mediators of the inflammatory process, cancer, and chronic degenerative diseases [15,42].…”

“…In addition to their pleasant organoleptic characteristics, Stenocereus fruits are attractive due to their associated components, including vitamins, minerals, crude fiber, betalains, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds [11][12][13][14]. These characteristics of the fruits could include a high antioxidant power that can stimulate the immune system and reduce inflammation, which reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, degenerative disorders, and cancer [15].…”

Waveform Optimization for the In Vitro Detection of Caffeic Acid by Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

“…Diverse small molecule phenolics are ubiquitous secondary metabolites within the plant kingdom . Hydroxycinnamic acids are a major subgroup of these phenolics containing a phenylpropanoid (C 6 –C 3 benzene-acrylic acid) based structure, with diverse physiological functions. − 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, more commonly known as caffeic acid, is synthesized by all plant species via the shikimic/phenylpropanoid pathway and is a major hydroxycinnamic acid in the human diet. − Caffeic acid is critical for the formation of lignin, the major component within plant cell walls and the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth (after cellulose). , Caffeic acid also serves critical roles in a variety of plant processes, including cellular growth, phototropism, responses to abiotic stressors, and alleopathy, whereby caffeic acid is secreted by plant roots to influence the growth of other nearby species through complex signaling pathways. − In addition, caffeic acid acts as a powerful antioxidant. − While reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as essential signaling molecules in plant development, excess ROS can damage cellular tissues so the redox scavenging ability of small molecule antioxidants like caffeic acid is critical for maintaining redox homeostasis in organisms. − Caffeic acid has also been shown to demonstrate beneficial pharmacological effects as an antimicrobial compound, a cardioprotective agent, and could have therapeutic benefits for certain cancers, neuronal diseases, and diabetes. − …”