Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis¹

Abstract

Three experiments were performed in singlepass, flow-through systems to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of striped bass Morone saxatilis. In Experiment 1, three semi-purified diets were formulated to contain 0.20,0.40, or 0.60% total phosphorus (entirely from animal protein) and were fed to striped bass having an average initial weight of 321 g. After 14 wk of feeding, significant differences in bone and scale mineralization were found among treatment groups. At a level of 0.40% dietary phosphorus there was a significant improvement of serum calcium (Ca) and tissue mineralization. In Experiment 2, five diets were formulated with graded levels of monopotnssium phosphate to yield total phosphorus levels of 0.15 (no P supplementation), 0.35,0.55,0.75, and 0.95% and fed to juvenile striped bass initially weighing an average of 7.9 g. After 6 wk, significant improvement in scale and vertebral mineralization occurred when fish were fed diets containing at least 0.55% phosphorus. Improvements were observed in growth, serum phosphorus, incidence of scoliosis, survival, and feed efficiency when the diet contained at least 035% P. In Experiment 3, the dietary phosphorus levels fed were 0.30, 038, 0.46, 0.54, and 0.62% total phosphorus using graded levels of monopotassium phosphate. Diets were fed to striped bass fingerlings initially weighing an average of 48 g. After 10 wk, significant improvement in scale, vertebral, and dorsal fin mineralization was observed when dietary phosphorus was at least 0.46%. A summary of the broken-line regression analyses of the data from these experiments indicated that the average total dietary phosphorus level required for optimal growth and mineralization of striped bass was 0.58%. Phosphorus (P) is considered to be the most limiting nutrient for plant and algal growth in freshwater estuaries. When algae die, oxygen in the water is reduced due to degradative reactions associated with the resulting dry matter. This often results in severe oxygen depletion of the water. A level of 10-30 hg/L phosphate P has been reported for unpolluted lakes (U.S. EPA 1976). The latter is considerably below values observed in some intensive fish culture systems. The excessive P content of many com-

Dietary phosphorus requirement of juvenile black seabream, Sparus macrocephalus

“…reported for sunshine bass (0.41%; Brown et al, 1993) and striped bass (0.35%; Dougall et al, 1996) and lower than that reported for European whitefish (0.62%; Vielama et al, 2002), red sea bream (0.68%; Sakamoto and Yone, 1973), Japanese seabass (0.68%; Zhang et al, 2006), large yellow croaker (0.70%; Mai et al, 2006), haddock (0.72%; Roy and Lall, 2003) and gilthead sea bream (0.75%; Pimentel-Rodrigues and OlivaTeles, 2001). The difference is probably due to fish species, fish size, diet composition, phosphorus sources and culture system (Schwarz, 1995;Shearer, 1984Shearer, , 1995Shearer, , 2000El-Zibdeh et al, 1995b;Riche and Brown, 1999;Avila et al, 2000;Lall and Vielma, 2001;Satoh et al, 2002).…”

“…Due to the function of phosphorus in bone structure, the vertebrae phosphorus content is considered to be the most sensitive criterion for P utilization in terrestrial vertebrates (Nelson and Walker, 1964;Ketaren et al, 1993;Rovindran et al, 1995), freshwater fish (Ketola, 1975;Watanabe et al, 1980;Ketola and Richmond, 1994;Rodehutscord, 1996;Ảsgård and Shearer, 1997;Baeverfjord et al, 1998;Jahan et al, 2001) and marine fish (Sakamoto and Yone, 1978;Dougall et al, 1996;Borlongan and Satoh, 2001;Mai et al, 2006;Zhang et al, 2006). Fish scales are also one of the major sites of phosphorus metabolism and deposition (Lall, 1991).…”

“…The calcified portion of fish scales contains hydroxyapatite, Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , which represents a potential reservoir of calcium and phosphorus (Skonberg et al, 1997). Scale phosphorus, as a good indicator of fish phosphorus status, has been observed in red drum (Davis and Robinson, 1987), striped bass (Dougall et al, 1996) and rainbow trout (Skonberg et al, 1997). Davis and Robinson (1987) evaluated mineral concentrations in skin and found skin phosphorus to be responsive to dietary phosphorus intake.…”

Exigência de fósforo disponível para tilápia-do-nilo (35 a 100 g)

“…A deficiência de fósforo prejudica a mineralização dos ossos (Furuya et al, 2001a), a redução na taxa de crescimento e a deposição de minerais na carcaça e nos ossos (Rodehutscord & Pfeffer, 1995;Dougall et al, 1996;Hardy & Glatin III, 2002;Lall, 2002). Peixes alimentados com dietas deficientes em fósforo apresentam deformidades em diversas regiões do corpo (Cheng et al, 2005), decorrentes da baixa mineralização, que resulta em ossos porosos e aumenta os casos de deformidade (Roy & Lall, 2003;Sugiura et al, 2004).…”

Effect of a new phosphorus source, magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MHP) on growth, utilization of phosphorus, and physiological responses in carp Cyprinus carpio

“…Fish have the dietary requirement of P like other animals for growth. The requirement was reported to range from 0.3 to 0.6% for channel catfish (Wilson et al 1982), rainbow trout (Rodehutscord and Pfeffer 1995), striped bass (Brown et al 1993;Dougall et al 1996), and white fish (Vilema et al 2002). However, somewhat higher requirement value of 0.7 to 0.9% was estimated for haddock (Roy and Lall 2003), red tilapia (Phromkunthong and Udom 2008), African catfish (Nwanna et al 2009), red drum (Davis and Robinson 1987), yellow croaker (Ma et al 2006), and carp (Kim et al 1998).…”