Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Kenya: findings of the STEPS survey, 2015

Abstract

BackgroundBurden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) is increasing worldwide. Risk factor surveillance informs public health interventions in NCD control. This study describes the dietary risk factors for NCD found in the Kenya STEPS survey, 2015.MethodsWe performed secondary analysis of the STEPS dataset to determine prevalence of dietary NCD risk factors and their determinants. New variables were created; high dietary salt, defined as addition of salt while eating or intake of processed foods high in salt and high dietary sugar, defined as intake of processed foods or drinks high in sugar in most meals or addition of sugar to beverages already with sugar, on a daily basis. We used the World Health Organization definition of minimum required intake of fruits and vegetables as consumption of less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Perceptions of respondents on diet and health were also assessed. Accounting for complex survey sampling, we calculated prevalence of the various dietary modifiable determinants and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to identify factors independently associated with dietary NCD risk factors.ResultsOf the 4484 individuals surveyed; mean age was 40.5 years (39.9–41.1 years), 60% were female. Prevalence of high reported dietary salt intake was 18.3% (95% CI 17.2%, 19.5%) and sugar 13.7% (95% CI 11.7–15.8%). Awareness of health risk from dietary salt was 88% and 91% for dietary sugar. Approximately 56% of the respondents were implementing strategies to reduce dietary salt and 54% were doing the same for dietary sugar. Only 6.0% (95% CI 4.3–7.6%) of the respondents reported intake of a minimum of five servings of both fruits and vegetables daily. Unhealthy diet was associated with being male (AOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04, 1.70,), age below 46 years (AOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.42, 2.12) and being a student (AOR 15.6, 95% CI 2.44, 99.39).ConclusionDietary risk communication should be targeted to males and people under 45 years of age, especially students. Further research is necessary to understand the knowledge: practice mismatch on unhealthy diets.

Integrated screening and treatment services for HIV, hypertension and diabetes in Kenya: assessing the epidemiological impact and cost‐effectiveness from a national and regional perspective

“…Fifth, we did not account for dynamic changes in CVD risk (within sex/age stratum) over time. As trends in smoking and dietary intake change in Kenya [51‐54], our estimates of future CVD risk may be underestimated or overestimated. Finally, some of our estimates (e.g.…”

What Drives Outpatient Care Costs in Kenya? An Analysis With Generalized Estimating Equations

“…According to the existing literature, demand for inpatient and outpatient healthcare is likely to increase in the next decade owing to population growth outpacing growth in the supply of health facilities ( 18 ). This increased demand is due to cardiovascular diseases, obesity ( 19 ), and respiratory illnesses, like COVID-19 ( 20 ).…”

Elaborating Factors Affecting Maternal Nutritional Behavior; A Qualitative Approach

“…Generally speaking, chronic and noncommunicable diseases (e.g, type 2 diabetes), cardiovascular disease, hypertension and fatty liver disease cause more deaths worldwide than infectious diseases [1,2]. These diseases are currently the leading cause of death worldwide and are expected to be the same by 2030 [3,4]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately, 38 million people die of chronic diseases worldwide each year [3].…”

“…These diseases are currently the leading cause of death worldwide and are expected to be the same by 2030 [3,4]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately, 38 million people die of chronic diseases worldwide each year [3]. In Iran, 76.4% of deaths are due to noncommunicable diseases [5].…”