Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

Castro-Bedriñana, Jorge; Chirinos-Peinado, Doris; Ríos-Ríos, Elva; Machuca-Campuzano, María; Gómez-Ventura, Elvis

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112382

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…In a previous study, we evaluated the risk of Pb and Cd in milk from an area located 20 km from the La Oroya Metallurgical Complex [37] and there are no studies of risks from these metals in areas of greater livestock activity, such as the Mantaro basin, the main source of dairy products for large cities, where the population and the authorities are unaware of the health consequences of the accumulation of Pb and Cd in milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

Chirinos-Peinado

Castro-Bedriñana

Ríos-Ríos

et al. 2022

Toxics

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The dairy basin of the Mantaro River located in the centre of Peru faces serious anthropogenic disturbances as it receives emissions and discharges from the metallurgical mining activity located in the headwaters of the basin and milk contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) endangers the environmental and human health, especially children. To measure the concentrations of Pb and Cd in milk and the dangers of their consumption in the Peruvian population, 40 milk samples were collected and quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of Pb in milk was 15 ± 2.6 µg/kg, which represented 75% of the Maximum Limit (ML), and that of Cd was 505 ± 123 µg/kg, which exceeded the ML by more than 194 times. The estimated weekly intake of Pb for people aged 2–85 years was below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) references, determining risk coefficients (CRD) < 1. Weekly Cd intake was much higher than the PTWIs and CRDs were between 14 and 34, indicating that consumers would experience carcinogenic health effects, with children being at higher risk than adults, therefore, milk from the area is not safe for consumption. Cd would be transferred mainly through the soil (water)-grass-milk pathway, due to its presence in irrigation water and in fertilizers that contain Cd. The main pathway for Pb entry would be air-soil (water)-milk grass, from the fine particles emitted into the air by the mining-metallurgical activity, developed approximately 90 km from the study area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

Chirinos-Peinado

Castro-Bedriñana

Ríos-Ríos

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…It should be noted that the Cd concentraten in milk samples in 23 studies (65.7%) that was conductd in different countries Iran [ 12 , 24 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 62 ], Iraqi [ 39 ], Libya [ 35 ],China [ 37 , 49 ], Serbia [ 47 ], Brazil [ 54 ], Egypt [ 18 , 45 , 53 , 56 ], Slovakia [ 51 ], Pakistan [ 4 , 42 , 55 , 58 ], Turkey [ 59 ] and Spain [ 66 ] were above standard limit of the local standrad as well as international standards such as International Dairy Federation) 0.0026 μg/g) [ 79 ], FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius(0.01 mg/L) [ 80 ]. This result can be due to uncontrolled and rapid industrial development in these countries cause elevated level of Cd in food stuffs [ 81 ]. It was also evidenced that Cd generally comes from phosphate fertilizers that contain up to 53.2 mg/kg of Cd [ 9 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review

Alinezhad,

Hashemi,

Tavakoly Sany

2024

PLoS ONE

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Objective Although milk and dairy products are almost complete food, they can contain toxic heavy elements with potential hazards for consumers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the occurrence, concentration, and health risks of selected heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk recorded worldwide. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used to develop this systematic review. Databases included the Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, and PubMed from inception until January 2023. Keywords related to the terms “Heavy metals”, “Arsenic” and “Pasteurized and sterilized milk” and “Risk Assessment” were used. The potential health risks to human health from milk daily consumption were estimated using extracted data on heavy metals concentration based on metal estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and carcinogenic risk. Results A total of 48 potentially relevant articles with data on 981 milk samples were included in the systematic review. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry were the most common valid methods to measure heavy metals in milk samples. Following the initial evaluation, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most contaminants, which exceeded the maximum permissible criteria in 94%, 67%, 62%, and 46% of the milk samples tested. Relying on target hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk results, milk consumers in 33(68.75%) and 7 (14.5%) studies were exposed to moderate to high levels of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, respectively. The highest level of risk is due to the consumption of pasteurized and sterilized milk detected in Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia, and Turkey. Conclusion The elevated levels of heavy metals in milk samples, especially Pb and Cd is a public health concern; therefore, maximum control and strict regulations must be adopted to decrease heavy metals contaminants in the dairy industry. Further studies are required to develop safe milk processing and handling methods for the decontamination of heavy metals in milk and its products.

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“…The health risk of dietary exposure to Pb and Cu is higher in children compared to adults, due to the more frequent consumption of milk and the peculiarities of children's metabolism. A study in Peru found a dietary hazard ratio for Pb and Cd <1 for milk consumption for individuals over 19 years of age [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

Birdanova¹,

Stoilova²,

Ruseva³

et al. 2023

JofIMAB

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Purpose of the study is to investigate food consumption in young people and the contribution of food to heavy metal pollution. Methods: The object of the study are 60 healthy young people aged 19-29 years (average age – 23,9 ± 2,6) from Pleven and the Pleven district. Assessment of food intake was made according to A two-day, 24-hour diet recall method and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method. A documentary method was used to assess the content of heavy metals- data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre Data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre. 2,471 food samples were analyzed for lead and cadmium over a 7-year period. Result: The food group importing complex carbohydrates could have a probable contribution to the dietary exposure to Pb and Cd, as they are consumed in the recommended amounts, although no content of lead and cadmium above the maximum permissible amounts was found in the studied foods. Intake of vegetables and fruits is significantly below recommended - vegetables and fruits would likely contribute to dietary exposure to Pb and Cd provided they were consumed as recommended. The average daily intake of dairy products is compared to the references. Game meat and offal could contribute to dietary exposure to both heavy metals, but these were also not consumed by the respondents. Fish and seafood likely contribute to dietary exposure to heavy metals, but their consumption is low and significantly below recommendations. Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the importance of a healthy food model for the protection of human health, including protection from chemical hazards in food.

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Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru

Cited by 17 publications

References 81 publications

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

Lead and Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Fresh Cow’s Milk in an Intermediate Area of the Central Andes of Peru and Risk to Human Health

Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review

Average Daily Consumption of Foods and of Foods Accumulating Lead and Cadmium in Young People

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